Analyses of Polymer Nanocomposites Development in Biomedical Applications

Analyses of Polymer Nanocomposites Development in Biomedical Applications

Volume: 10 | Issue: 02 | Year 2024 | Subscription

International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology

Received Date: 10/11/2024

Acceptance Date: 10/24/2024

Published On: 2024-10-26

First Page: 23

Last Page: 38

Journal Menu

By: Haydar U. Zaman.

Assiatant Professor, Department of Physics, National University of Bangladesh and Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box-3787, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract

Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) are known for being an effective method to impart materials with exceptional properties that cannot be achieved by the individual components on their own. Utilizing the interfaces between the two phases of nanoscale compounds with high specific surface areas is advantageous for creating composites that incorporate nanofillers. The primary difficulty with nanocomposites lies in managing the interfacial interactions between the two phases. Polymer nanocomposites have gained significant research attention in recent years because of their promising potential in various electric, magnetic, optical, and biological applications. Over conventional materials, polymeric nanocomposites provide several advantages, such as light weighting, flexibility, processing simplicity, and low cost of the finished product. Biomedical applications have become a top study area among the disciplines due to the significance of medical technology, which has raised the criteria for biomedical materials. Demand for new materials with specific properties is high. Biomedical polymer-silicate nanocomposites hold great potential for advancing biomedical applications, including diagnostic and therapeutic devices, tissue regeneration, drug delivery systems, and various biotechnologies inspired by biology but with limited direct ties to biomedicine. A deep understanding of polymer-nanoparticle interactions is essential to regulate the structure-property relationships of materials, ensuring they function effectively within the chemical, physical, and biological limitations imposed by their intended applications. This review compiles the latest published strategies for designing and developing polymer-silicate nanocomposites, including clay-based silicate nanoparticles and bioactive glass nanoparticles, for various biological applications. Emerging application areas are being explored, and recent advancements in biotechnological and biomedical nanocomposites are highlighted.

Keywords: Nanocomposites, polymer, silicates, clay, biopolymer, mechanical properties, miomedical applications

Citation:

How to cite this article: Haydar U. Zaman Analyses of Polymer Nanocomposites Development in Biomedical Applications. International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology. 2024; 10(02): 23-38p.

How to cite this URL: Haydar U. Zaman, Analyses of Polymer Nanocomposites Development in Biomedical Applications. International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology. 2024; 10(02): 23-38p. Available from:https://journalspub.com/publication/ijan/article=11631

Refrences:

1. Ray SS. Polylactide-based bionanocomposites: a promising class of hybrid materials. Acc Chem Res. 2012;45(10):1710–1720. doi:10.1021/ar3000376.
2. Liff SM, Kumar N, McKinley GH. High-performance elastomeric nanocomposites via solvent-exchange processing. Nat Mater. 2007;6(1):76–83. doi:10.1038/nmat1798.
3. Gaharwar AK, Dammu SA, Canter JM, Wu CJ, Schmidt G. Highly extensible, tough, and elastomeric nanocomposite hydrogels from poly (ethylene glycol) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Biomacromol. 2011;12(5):1641–1650. doi:10.1021/bm200027z.
4. Paul DR, Robeson LM. Polymer nanotechnology: nanocomposites. Polymer. 2008;49(15):3187–3204. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.04.017.
5. Goenka S, Sant V, Sant S. Graphene-based nanomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. J Control Release. 2014;173:75–88. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.017.
6. Mitragotri S, Lahann J. Physical approaches to biomaterial design. Nat Mater. 2009;8:15–23. doi:10.1038/nmat2344.
7. Satarkar NS, Biswal D, Hilt JZ. Hydrogel nanocomposites: a review of applications as remote controlled biomaterials. Soft Mater. 2010;6(11):2364–2371. doi:10.1039/B925218P.
8. Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Sci. 2008;321(5887):385–388. doi:10.1126/science.1157996.
9. Vaia R, Baur J. Adaptive composites. Sci. 2008;319(5862):420–421. doi:10.1126/science.1152931.
10. Dundigalla A, Lin‐Gibson S, Ferreiro V, Malwitz MM, Schmidt G. Unusual multilayered structures in poly (ethylene oxide)/laponite nanocomposite films. Macromol Rapid Commun. 2005;26(3):143–149. doi:10.1002/marc.200400489.
11. Williams DF. On the nature of biomaterials. Biomater. 2009;30(30):5897–5909. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.027.
12. Huebsch N, Mooney DJ. Inspiration and application in the evolution of biomaterials. Nat. 2009;462(7272):426–432. doi:10.1038/nature08601.
13. Hench LL, Polak JM. Third-generation biomedical materials. Sci. 2002;295(5557):1014–1017. doi:10.1126/science.1067404.
14. Webber MJ, Khan OF, Sydlik SA, Tang BC, Langer R. A perspective on the clinical translation of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng. 2015;43:641–656. doi:10.1007/s10439-014-1104-7.
15. Peppas NA, Hilt JZ, Khademhosseini A, Langer R. Hydrogels in biology and medicine: from molecular principles to bionanotechnology. Adv Mater. 2006;18(11):1345–1360. doi:10.1002/adma.200501612.
16. Hirst AR, Escuder B, Miravet JF, Smith DK. High‐tech applications of self‐assembling supramolecular nanostructured gel‐phase materials: from regenerative medicine to electronic devices. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2008;47(42):8002–8018. doi:10.1002/anie.200800022.
17. Stuart MA, Huck WT, Genzer J, Müller M, Ober C, Stamm M, et al. Emerging applications of stimuli-responsive polymer materials. Nat Mater. 2010;9(2):101–113. doi:10.1038/nmat2614.
18. Kohane DS, Langer R. Polymeric biomaterials in tissue engineering. Pediatr Res. 2008;63:487–491. doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000305937.26105.e7.
19. Fratzl P, Weinkamer R. Nature’s hierarchical materials. Prog Mater Sci. 2007;52(8):1263–1334. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.06.001.
20. Gao H, Ji B, Jäger IL, Arzt E, Fratzl P. Materials become insensitive to flaws at nanoscale: lessons from nature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100(10):5597–5600. doi:10.1073/pnas.0631609100.
21. Tang Z, Kotov NA, Magonov S, Ozturk B. Nanostructured artificial nacre. Nat Mater. 2003;2(6):413–418. doi:10.1038/nmat906.
22. Weiner S, Wagner HD. The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Ann Rev Mater Sci. 1998;28(1):271–298. doi:10.1146/annurev.matsci.28.1.271.
23. Wagner HD. Paving the way to stronger materials. Nat Nanotechnol. 2007;2:742–744. doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.401.
24. Vaia RA, Wagner HD. Framework for nanocomposites. Mater Today. 2004;7(11):32–37. doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00506-1.
25. Okada A, Usuki A. Twenty years of polymer‐clay nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng. 2006;291(12):1449–1476. doi:10.1002/mame.200600260.
26. Vaia RA, Giannelis EP. Polymer nanocomposites: status and opportunities. MRS Bull. 2001;26(5):394–401. doi:10.1557/mrs2001.93.
27. Faucheu J, Gauthier C, Chazeau L, Cavaille JY, Mellon V, Lami EB. Miniemulsion polymerization for synthesis of structured clay/polymer nanocomposites: short review and recent advances. Polymer. 2010;51(1):6–17. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2009.11.044.
28. Xu W, Raychowdhury S, Jiang DD, Retsos H, Giannelis EP. Dramatic Improvements in Toughness in Poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide) Nanocomposites. Small. 2008;4(5):662–669. doi:10.1002/smll.200701231.
29. Lee JH, Park TG, Park HS, Lee DS, Lee YK, Yoon SC, et al. Thermal and mechanical characteristics of poly (L-lactic acid) nanocomposite scaffold. Biomater. 2003;24(16):2773–2778. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00080-2.
30. Lee YH, Lee JH, An IG, Kim C, Lee DS, Lee YK, et al. Electrospun dual-porosity structure and biodegradation morphology of Montmorillonite reinforced PLLA nanocomposite scaffolds. Biomater. 2005;26(16):3165–3172. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.08.018.
31. Tsivintzelis I, Marras SI, Zuburtikudis I, Panayiotou C. Porous poly (l-lactic acid) nanocomposite scaffolds prepared by phase inversion using supercritical CO2 as antisolvent. Polymer. 2007;48(21):6311–6318. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2007.08.021.
32. Ozkoc G, Kemaloglu S, Quaedflieg M. Production of poly (lactic acid)/organoclay nanocomposite scaffolds by microcompounding and polymer/particle leaching. Polymer Compos. 2010;31(4):674–683. doi:10.1002/pc.20846.
33. Krikorian V, Pochan DJ. Poly (L-lactic acid)/layered silicate nanocomposite: fabrication, characterization, and properties. Chem Mater. 2003;15(22):4317–4324. doi:10.1021/cm034369+.
34. Zhuang H, Zheng JP, Gao H, De Yao K. In vitro biodegradation and biocompatibility of gelatin/montmorillonite-chitosan intercalated nanocomposite. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2007;18:951–957. doi:10.1007/s10856-006-0093-y.
35. Lewkowitz-Shpuntoff HM, Wen MC, Singh A, Brenner N, Gambino R, Pernodet N, et al. The effect of organo clay and adsorbed FeO3 nanoparticles on cells cultured on ethylene vinyl acetate substrates and fibers. Biomater. 2009;30(1):8–18. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.015.
36. Xu R, Manias E, Snyder AJ, Runt J. New biomedical poly (urethane urea)− layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromol. 2001;34(2):337–339. doi:10.1021/ma0013657.
37. Xu R, Manias E, Snyder AJ, Runt J. Low permeability biomedical polyurethane nanocomposites. J Biomed Mater. 2003;64(1):114–119. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.10377.
38. Ray SS, Yamada K, Okamoto M, Ueda K. Polylactide-layered silicate nanocomposite: a novel biodegradable material. Nano Letters. 2002;2(10):1093–1096. doi:10.1021/nl0202152.
39. Yang M, Zhang Z, Hahn C, Laroche G, King MW, Guidoin R. Totally implantable artificial hearts and left ventricular assist devices: selecting impermeable polycarbonate urethane to manufacture ventricles. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;48(1):13–23. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(1999)48:1<13::AID-JBM4>3.0.CO;2-4.
40. Haraguchi K, Takehisa T. Nanocomposite hydrogels: A unique organic–inorganic network structure with extraordinary mechanical, optical, and swelling/de‐swelling properties. Adv Mater. 2002;14(16):1120–1124. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(20020816)14:16<1120::AID-ADMA1120>3.0.CO;2-9.
41. Haraguchi K, Takehisa T, Ebato M. Control of cell cultivation and cell sheet detachment on the surface of polymer/clay nanocomposite hydrogels. Biomacromol. 2006;7(11):3267–3275. doi:10.1021/bm060549b.
42. Schmidt G, Nakatani AI, Butler PD, Karim A, Han CC. Shear orientation of viscoelastic polymer− clay solutions probed by flow birefringence and SANS. Macromol. 2000;33(20):7219–7222. doi:10.1021/ma9918811.
43. Haraguchi K, Li H-J. Mechanical properties and structure of polymer− clay nanocomposite gels with high clay content. Macromol. 2006;39(5):1898–1905. doi:10.1021/ma052468y.
44. Haraguchi K, Farnworth R, Ohbayashi A, Takehisa T. Compositional effects on mechanical properties of nanocomposite hydrogels composed of poly (N, N-dimethylacrylamide) and clay. Macromol. 2003;36(15):5732–5741. doi:10.1021/ma034366i.
45. Haraguchi K, Takehisa T, Fan S. Effects of clay content on the properties of nanocomposite hydrogels composed of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) and clay. Macromol. 2002;35(27):10162–10171. doi:10.1021/ma021301r.
46. Gaharwar AK, Schexnailder P, Kaul V, Akkus O, Zakharov D, Seifert S, et al. Highly extensible bio‐nanocomposite films with direction‐dependent properties. Adv Funct Mater. 2010;20(3):429–436. doi:10.1002/adfm.200901606.
47. Jin Q, Schexnailder P, Gaharwar AK, Schmidt G. Silicate cross‐linked bio‐nanocomposite hydrogels from PEO and chitosan. Macromol Biosci. 2009;9(10):1028–1035. doi:10.1002/mabi.200900080.
48. Haraguchi K, Li HJ, Matsuda K, Takehisa T, Elliott E. Mechanism of forming organic/inorganic network structures during in-situ free-radical polymerization in PNIPA− clay nanocomposite hydrogels. Macromol. 2005;38(8):3482–3490. doi:10.1021/ma047431c.
49. Loizou E, Butler P, Porcar L, Kesselman E, Talmon Y, Dundigalla A, et al. Large scale structures in nanocomposite hydrogels. Macromol. 2005;38(6):2047–2049.
50. Harris JM. Polyethylene Glycol Chemistry: Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications. New York, NY, USA: Plenum Press; 1992. 1-12.
51. Schexnailder P, Loizou E, Porcar L, Butler P, Schmidt G. Heterogeneity in nanocomposite hydrogels from poly (ethylene oxide) cross-linked with silicate nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2009;11(15):2760–2766. doi:10.1039/B820452G.
52. Yano K, Usuki A, Okada A, Kurauchi T, Kamigaito O. Synthesis and properties of polyimide–clay hybrid. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. . 1993;31(10):2493–2498. doi:10.1002/pola.1993.080311009.
53. Cypes SH, Saltzman WM, Giannelis EP. Organosilicate-polymer drug delivery systems: controlled release and enhanced mechanical properties. J Control Release. 2003;90(2):163–169. doi:10.1016/S0168-3659(03)00133-0.
54. Wu CJ, Schmidt G. Thermosensitive and dissolution properties in nanocomposite polymer hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun. 2009;30(17):1492–1497. doi:10.1002/marc.200900163.
55. Lee WF, Chen YC. Effect of bentonite on the physical properties and drug‐release behaviour of poly (AA‐co‐PEGMEA)/bentonite nanocomposite hydrogels for mucoadhesive. J Appl Polym Sci. 2004;91(5):2934–2941. doi:10.1002/app.13499.
56. Takahashi T, Yamada Y, Kataoka K, Nagasaki Y. Preparation of a novel PEG–clay hybrid as a DDS material: Dispersion stability and sustained release profiles. J Control Release. 2005;107(3):408–416. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.03.031.
57. Misra SK, Valappil SP, Roy I, Boccaccini AR. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)/inorganic phase composites for tissue engineering applications. Biomacromol. 2006;7(8):2249–2258. doi:10.1021/bm060317c.
58. Carlisle EM, Alpenfels WF. A silicon requirement for normal growth of cartilage in culture. Fed Proc. 1980;39(3):787.
59. Schwarz K. A bound form of silicon in glycosaminoglycans and polyuronides. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1973;70(5):1608–1612. doi:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1608.
60. Schwarz K, Milne DB. Growth-promoting effects of silicon in rats. Nat. 1972;239:333–334. doi:10.1038/239333a0.
61. Hench LL. Genetic design of bioactive glass. J Euro Ceram Soc. 2009;29(7):1257–1265. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.08.002.
62. Vogel M, Voigt C, Gross UM, Müller-Mai CM. In vivo comparison of bioactive glass particles in rabbits. Biomater. 2001;22(4):357–362. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00191-5.
63. Valerio P, Pereira MM, Goes AM, Leite MF. The effect of ionic products from bioactive glass dissolution on osteoblast proliferation and collagen production. Biomater. 2004;25(15):2941–2948. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.086.
64. Xynos ID, Edgar AJ, Buttery LD, Hench LL, Polak JM. Gene‐expression profiling of human osteoblasts following treatment with the ionic products of Bioglass® 45S5 dissolution. J Biomed Mater Res. 2001;55(2):151–157. doi:10.1002/1097-4636(200105)55:2<151::AID-JBM1001>3.0.CO;2-D.
65. Jones JR, Ehrenfried LM, Hench LL. Optimising bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomater. 2006;27(7):964–973. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.017.
66. Mansur HS, Costa HS. Nanostructured poly (vinyl alcohol)/bioactive glass and poly (vinyl alcohol)/chitosan/bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds for biomedical applications. Chem Eng J. 2008;137(1):72–83. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2007.09.036.
67. Blaker JJ, Gough JE, Maquet V, Notingher I, Boccaccini AR. In vitro evaluation of novel bioactive composites based on Bioglass®‐filled polylactide foams for bone tissue engineering scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res. 2003;67(4):1401–1411. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.20055.
68. Verrier S, Blaker JJ, Maquet V, Hench LL, Boccaccini AR. PDLLA/Bioglass® composites for soft-tissue and hard-tissue engineering: an in vitro cell biology assessment. Biomater. 2004;25(15):3013–3021. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.081.
69. Day RM, Boccaccini AR, Shurey S, Roether JA, Forbes A, Hench LL, et al. Assessment of polyglycolic acid mesh and bioactive glass for soft-tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomater. 2004;25(27):5857–5866. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.043.
70. TJ W. Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics. Biomater. 2000;21:1803–1810.
71. Misra SK, Ansari T, Mohn D, Valappil SP, Brunner TJ, Stark WJ, et al. Effect of nanoparticulate bioactive glass particles on bioactivity and cytocompatibility of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) composites. J Royal Soc Interface. 2010;7(44):453–465. doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0255.
72. Misra SK, Mohn D, Brunner TJ, Stark WJ, Philip SE, Roy I, et al. Comparison of nanoscale and microscale bioactive glass on the properties of P (3HB)/Bioglass® composites. Biomater. 2008;29(12):1750–1761. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.040.
73. Kotela I, Podporska J, Soltysiak E, Konsztowicz KJ, Blazewicz M. Polymer nanocomposites for bone tissue substitutes. Ceram Int. 2009;35(6):2475–2480. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.02.016.
74. Peter M, Binulal NS, Soumya S, Nair SV, Furuike T, Tamura H, et al. Nanocomposite scaffolds of bioactive glass ceramic nanoparticles disseminated chitosan matrix for tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;79(2):284–289. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.08.001.
75. Peter M, Binulal NS, Nair SV, Selvamurugan N, Tamura H, Jayakumar R. Novel biodegradable chitosan–gelatin/nano-bioactive glass ceramic composite scaffolds for alveolar bone tissue engineering. Chem Eng J. 2010;158(2):353–361. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2010.02.003.
76. Lee EJ, Shin DS, Kim HE, Kim HW, Koh YH, Jang JH. Membrane of hybrid chitosan–silica xerogel for guided bone regeneration. Biomater. 2009;30(5):743–750. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.025.
77. Heinemann S, Heinemann C, Bernhardt R, Reinstorf A, Nies B, Meyer M, et al. Bioactive silica–collagen composite xerogels modified by calcium phosphate phases with adjustable mechanical properties for bone replacement. Acta Biomater. 2009;5(6):1979–1990. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.02.029.
78. Ehrlich H, Janussen D, Simon P, Bazhenov VV, Shapkin NP, Erler C, et al. Nanostructural Organization of Naturally Occurring Composites–Part II: Silica-Chitin-Based Biocomposites. J Nanomater. 2008;1–8. doi:10.1155/2008/670235.
79. Zhu H, Shen J, Feng X, Zhang H, Guo Y, Chen J. Fabrication and characterization of bioactive silk fibroin/wollastonite composite scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng. 2010;30(1):132–140. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2009.09.009.
80. Peter M, Kumar PT, Binulal NS, Nair SV, Tamura H, Jayakumar R. Development of novel α-chitin/nanobioactive glass ceramic composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2009;78(4):926–931. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.016.
81. Balazs AC, Emrick T, Russell TP. Nanoparticle polymer composites: where two small worlds meet. Sci. 2006;314(5802):1107–1110. doi:10.1126/science.1130557.
82. Ray SS, Nandi SK, Dasgupta S. Enhanced bone regeneration using Antheraea mylitta silk fibroin and chitosan based scaffold: in-vivo and in-vitro study. Biomed Mater. 2023;18(5):055019. doi:10.1088/1748-605X/acee3c.
83. Winey KI, Vaia RA. Polymer nanocomposites. MRS Bull. 2007;32(4):314–322. doi:10.1557/mrs2007.229.

Not A Member?

Initiatives

Guidelines For

Track your Manuscript

Help

Contact Us

Corporate Office

JournalsPub
An Imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt Ltd
A-118, 1st Floor, Sector-63, Noida, U.P. India,
Pin-201301
(Tel) (+91) 0120- 4781 200
(Mob) (+91) 9810078958, +919667725932
E-mail: [email protected]

Disclaimer

Password Reset

The instructions to reset your password are sent to the email address you provided. If you did not receive the email, please check your spam folder as well

WEBSITE DISCLAIMER

Last updated: 2025-07-04

The information provided by Journalspub (“Company”, “we”, “our”, “us”) on https://journalspub.com/ (the “Site”) is for general informational purposes only. All information on the Site is provided in good faith, however, we make no representation or warranty of any kind, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, adequacy, validity, reliability, availability, or completeness of any information on the Site.

UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCE SHALL WE HAVE ANY LIABILITY TO YOU FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE OF ANY KIND INCURRED AS A RESULT OF THE USE OF THE SITE OR RELIANCE ON ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THE SITE. YOUR USE OF THE SITE AND YOUR RELIANCE ON ANY INFORMATION ON THE SITE IS SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK.

EXTERNAL LINKS DISCLAIMER

The Site may contain (or you may be sent through the Site) links to other websites or content belonging to or originating from third parties or links to websites and features. Such external links are not investigated, monitored, or checked for accuracy, adequacy, validity, reliability, availability, or completeness by us.

WE DO NOT WARRANT, ENDORSE, GUARANTEE, OR ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ACCURACY OR RELIABILITY OF ANY INFORMATION OFFERED BY THIRD-PARTY WEBSITES LINKED THROUGH THE SITE OR ANY WEBSITE OR FEATURE LINKED IN ANY BANNER OR OTHER ADVERTISING. WE WILL NOT BE A PARTY TO OR IN ANY WAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR MONITORING ANY TRANSACTION BETWEEN YOU AND THIRD-PARTY PROVIDERS OF PRODUCTS OR SERVICES.

PROFESSIONAL DISCLAIMER

The Site can not and does not contain medical advice. The information is provided for general informational and educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Accordingly, before taking any actions based on such information, we encourage you to consult with the appropriate professionals. We do not provide any kind of medical advice.

Content published on https://journalspub.com/ is intended to be used and must be used for informational purposes only. It is very important to do your analysis before making any decision based on your circumstances. You should take independent medical advice from a professional or independently research and verify any information that you find on our Website and wish to rely upon.

THE USE OR RELIANCE OF ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED ON THIS SITE IS SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK.

AFFILIATES DISCLAIMER

The Site may contain links to affiliate websites, and we may receive an affiliate commission for any purchases or actions made by you on the affiliate websites using such links.

TESTIMONIALS DISCLAIMER

The Site may contain testimonials by users of our products and/or services. These testimonials reflect the real-life experiences and opinions of such users. However, the experiences are personal to those particular users, and may not necessarily be representative of all users of our products and/or services. We do not claim, and you should not assume that all users will have the same experiences.

YOUR RESULTS MAY VARY.

The testimonials on the Site are submitted in various forms such as text, audio, and/or video, and are reviewed by us before being posted. They appear on the Site verbatim as given by the users, except for the correction of grammar or typing errors. Some testimonials may have been shortened for the sake of brevity, where the full testimonial contained extraneous information not relevant to the general public.

The views and opinions contained in the testimonials belong solely to the individual user and do not reflect our views and opinions.

ERRORS AND OMISSIONS DISCLAIMER

While we have made every attempt to ensure that the information contained in this site has been obtained from reliable sources, Journalspub is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of this information. All information on this site is provided “as is”, with no guarantee of completeness, accuracy, timeliness, or of the results obtained from the use of this information, and without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including, but not limited to warranties of performance, merchantability, and fitness for a particular purpose.

In no event will Journalpub, its related partnerships or corporations, or the partners, agents, or employees thereof be liable to you or anyone else for any decision made or action taken in reliance on the information in this Site or for any consequential, special or similar damages, even if advised of the possibility of such damages.

GUEST CONTRIBUTORS DISCLAIMER

This Site may include content from guest contributors and any views or opinions expressed in such posts are personal and do not represent those of Journalspub or any of its staff or affiliates unless explicitly stated.

LOGOS AND TRADEMARKS DISCLAIMER

All logos and trademarks of third parties referenced on journalspub.com are the trademarks and logos of their respective owners. Any inclusion of such trademarks or logos does not imply or constitute any approval, endorsement, or sponsorship of STM Journals by such owners.

Use of AI Tools in Blog Content

Some of the blog posts published on this website are created with the assistance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools. While efforts are made to review and edit the content for accuracy and appropriateness, there may still be instances where unintended, unnecessary, or unverified information or claims appear.Readers are advised to use their discretion while interpreting the content. The primary purpose of using AI-generated content is to provide our audience with the most recent, diverse, and wide-ranging information on various topics. The content is intended to inform and engage, not to mislead.All external links included in the blogs are intended to guide users to real and authentic workshops, programs, or resources. The information presented through those links is curated and verified to the best of our knowledge.This disclaimer is meant to inform visitors about the use of AI in content creation, acknowledge potential limitations in content accuracy, and encourage informed and responsible reading.

CONTACT US

Should you have any feedback, comments, requests for technical support, or other inquiries, please contact us by email: [email protected].