The biokinetic parameters of crude oil degradation using Citrus sinensis of flavedo part was investigated in loamy soil environment. Mathematical models were developed for the purpose of determining the biokinetic parameters of the k1 (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon), maximum specific rate of TPH remediation and dissociation constant of the TPH remediation on the effect of remediant dosage on the polluted loamy soil environment. The effect of the remediants were monitored for sun-dried and room-dried samples of the citrus sinensis of the flavedo part. The application of Michaelis Menten, Lineweaver--Burk plot and first order reaction kinetic was used in the determination of the biokinetic parameters as demonstrated in this research. However, decrease in TPH was experienced with increase in time and the ks ranges from --39285.714 (ppm)-1 to 18434 (ppm)-1 whereas the Rmax value ranges from –1250 (ppm/day)-1 to 2083.33 (ppm/day)-1 . In STPH(t) ranges from 10.271 to 10.931 and k1 value ranges from – 0.0561 to – 0.0382 for room-dried samples whereas for sun-dried k1 value ranges from –0.0531 to 0.0068 and in STPH(t) value ranges from 10.269 to 10.865. These biokinetic parameters are influenced by the effect of dosage and effectiveness of the microbes to remedy the polluted loamy soil environment.

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1. Abdul-Kareem R, Gnansounou C, Adongo RS. Effects of the oil-find on land management in the Sekondi-Taroradi Metropolis, Western Coast of Ghana. J Land Use Sci. 2021;16(4):398–412.
2. Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem S, Iwuozor KO, Ogunniyi S, Abdulkareem MT, Emenike EC, Sagboye PA. Effect of salt impregnation on the properties of Orange Albedo Biochar. Chem Life Cycle. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.clce.2022.100059.
3. AFP. Oil cleanup in southern Nigeria still a “long way” from target. Phys Org. 2021. https://phys.org/news/2021-10-oil-cleanup-southern-nigeria.html.
4. Ahmad AA, Muhammad I, Shah T, Kalwar Q, Zhang J, Liang Z, Mei D, Juanshan Z, Yan P, Zhi DX, Rui-Jun L. Remediation methods of crude oil contaminated soil. World J Agric Soil Sci. 2020. doi:10.33552/WJASS.2020.04.000595.
5. Ajua F, Ukpaka CP. Study on crude oil remediation on soil environment using fermented Cassava Liquid. J Chem Eng Process Technol. 2020;6(2):1045–1054.
6. Albert ON, Amaratunga D, Haigh RP. Evaluation of impacts of oil spill disaster on communities and its influence on restiveness in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Proc Eng. 2018;212:1054–61. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.136.
7. Ambaye TG, Chebbi A, Formicola F, Prasad S, Gomez FH, Franzetti A, Vaccari M. Remediation of soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons and its reuse for agriculture: Recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. Chemosphere. 2022;293:13377. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133572.
8. Bebeteidoh OL, Kometa S, Pazouki K, Norman R. Sustained impact of the activities of local crude oil refiners on their host communities in Nigeria. Heliyon. 2020;6(6). doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04000.
9. Chen S, Zhong M. Bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. In: Environmental Chemistry and Recent Pollution Control Approaches. 2019. doi:10.5772/intechopen.90289.
10. Etebu E, Nwauzoma AB. A review on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck): Health, diseases, and management. Am J Res Commun. 2014;2(2):33–70.
11. Gundlach ER. Oil-related mangrove loss East of Bonny River. In: Threats to Mangrove Forest. 2018;267–321. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73016-5_13.
12. Leggett RW. Biokinetic modeling. In: Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2019;215–306.
13. Mba C. Only 2% of oil spillages cleaned up in 5 years due to NOSDRA’s dependent relationship on oil companies in Nigeria. Dataphyte. 2021. https://www.dataphyte.com/latest-reports/extractive/only-2-of-oil-spillages-cleaned-up-in-5-years-due-to-nosdras-dependent-relationship-on-oil-companies-in-nigeria/.
14. Mihali C, Dippong T, Dumuța A, Mureșan AR. Characterization of active compounds from Citrus Peels By-Products using Chromatographic and Optic methods. Sci Bull North Univ Cent Baia Mare. 2017;31(2):41–47.
15. Mnif S, Chebbi A, Mhiri N, Sayadi S, Chamkha M. Biodegradation of phenanthrene by a bacterial consortium enriched from Sercina Oilfield. Process Saf Environ Prot. 2017;107:44–53.
16. Nwachukwu I, Mbachu IC. The socio-cultural implications of crude oil exploration in Nigeria. In: The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem. 2018;177–190. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809399-3.00013-6.
17. Obuge AM, Ukpaka CP, Amadi SA, Puyate YT. Experimental-based study of Justicia Carnea and Moringa oleifera extract on crude oil remediation of contaminated loamy soil. Int J Environ Chem. 2021;7(2):13–28.
18. Ogunlade CA, Jekayinfa SO, Olaniran JA, Adebayo AO. Energy life-cycle assessment and economic analysis of sweet orange production in Nigeria. Agric Eng Int CIGR J. 2020;22(2):123–132.
19. Olatunji OM, Horsfall IT, Ekiyor TH. Comparison of bioremediation capabilities of poultry droppings and Avocado Pear Seed Cake in petroleum-polluted soil. J Eng Technol Res. 2018;10(5). doi:10.5897/jetr2018.0652.
20. Promise N, Ukpaka CP, Puyate Y. Biokinetics of crude oil remediation using Dogoyaro (Azadirachta indica) stem. Indian J Eng. 2020;17(47):250–60.
21. Ratcliffe R. “This Place Used to Be Green”: The brutal impact of oil in the Niger Delta. The Guardian. 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/dec/06/this-place-used-to-be-green-the-brutal-impact-of-oil-in-the-niger-delta.
22. Ren X, Zeng G, Tang L, Wang J, Wan J, Wang J, Deng Y, Liu Y, Peng B. The potential impact on the biodegradation of organic pollutants from composting technology for soil remediation. Waste Manag. 2018;72:138–49. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.032.
23. Ruley JA, Amoding A, Tumuhairwe JB, Basamba TA. Rhizoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon–contaminated soils: A systematic review of mutualism between phytoremediation species and soil living microorganisms. In: Phytoremediation. 2022;263–96. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-89874-4.00008-X.
24. Shravan R, Shere DM, Joshi MM. Study of physico-chemical characteristics of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;1687–89.
25. Ukhurebor KE, Athar H, Adetunji CO, Aigbe UO, Onyancha RB, Abifarin O. Environmental implications of petroleum spillages in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A review. J Environ Manag. 2021;293. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112872.
26. Ukpaka CP. Investigation into the kinetics of biodegradation of crude oil in different soils. J Eng Technol Res. 2012;4(2):33–48. doi:10.5897/jetr11.057.
27. Ukpaka CP, Udeh I. Kinetic model for crude oil degradation using Moringa extract. Int J Pet Eng. 2015;1(2):28–39. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346930058.
28. Ukpaka C. Development of a model for bioremediation of crude oil using Moringa extract. Chem Int. 2016;2:19–28.
29. Ukpaka C. Comparison of the performance of Moringa and Neem root extracts on crude oil degradation in soils environment. Pet Petrochem Eng J. 2020;4(3):19.
30. Ukpaka CP, Ajua FN, Amadi SA. Biokinetics of crude oil remediation on soil environment using fermented Cassava liquid. Int J Chem Mol Eng. 2020;6(2).

The biokinetic parameters of crude oil degradation using Citrus sinensis of flavedo part was investigated in loamy soil environment. Mathematical models were developed for the purpose of determining the biokinetic parameters of the k1 (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon), maximum specific rate of TPH remediation and dissociation constant of the TPH remediation on the effect of remediant dosage on the polluted loamy soil environment. The effect of the remediants were monitored for sun-dried and room-dried samples of the citrus sinensis of the flavedo part. The application of Michaelis Menten, Lineweaver--Burk plot and first order reaction kinetic was used in the determination of the biokinetic parameters as demonstrated in this research. However, decrease in TPH was experienced with increase in time and the ks ranges from --39285.714 (ppm)-1 to 18434 (ppm)-1 whereas the Rmax value ranges from –1250 (ppm/day)-1 to 2083.33 (ppm/day)-1 . In STPH(t) ranges from 10.271 to 10.931 and k1 value ranges from – 0.0561 to – 0.0382 for room-dried samples whereas for sun-dried k1 value ranges from –0.0531 to 0.0068 and in STPH(t) value ranges from 10.269 to 10.865. These biokinetic parameters are influenced by the effect of dosage and effectiveness of the microbes to remedy the polluted loamy soil environment.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Abdul-Kareem R, Gnansounou C, Adongo RS. Effects of the oil-find on land management in the Sekondi-Taroradi Metropolis, Western Coast of Ghana. J Land Use Sci. 2021;16(4):398–412.
2. Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem S, Iwuozor KO, Ogunniyi S, Abdulkareem MT, Emenike EC, Sagboye PA. Effect of salt impregnation on the properties of Orange Albedo Biochar. Chem Life Cycle. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.clce.2022.100059.
3. AFP. Oil cleanup in southern Nigeria still a “long way” from target. Phys Org. 2021. https://phys.org/news/2021-10-oil-cleanup-southern-nigeria.html.
4. Ahmad AA, Muhammad I, Shah T, Kalwar Q, Zhang J, Liang Z, Mei D, Juanshan Z, Yan P, Zhi DX, Rui-Jun L. Remediation methods of crude oil contaminated soil. World J Agric Soil Sci. 2020. doi:10.33552/WJASS.2020.04.000595.
5. Ajua F, Ukpaka CP. Study on crude oil remediation on soil environment using fermented Cassava Liquid. J Chem Eng Process Technol. 2020;6(2):1045–1054.
6. Albert ON, Amaratunga D, Haigh RP. Evaluation of impacts of oil spill disaster on communities and its influence on restiveness in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Proc Eng. 2018;212:1054–61. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.136.
7. Ambaye TG, Chebbi A, Formicola F, Prasad S, Gomez FH, Franzetti A, Vaccari M. Remediation of soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons and its reuse for agriculture: Recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. Chemosphere. 2022;293:13377. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133572.
8. Bebeteidoh OL, Kometa S, Pazouki K, Norman R. Sustained impact of the activities of local crude oil refiners on their host communities in Nigeria. Heliyon. 2020;6(6). doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04000.
9. Chen S, Zhong M. Bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. In: Environmental Chemistry and Recent Pollution Control Approaches. 2019. doi:10.5772/intechopen.90289.
10. Etebu E, Nwauzoma AB. A review on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck): Health, diseases, and management. Am J Res Commun. 2014;2(2):33–70.
11. Gundlach ER. Oil-related mangrove loss East of Bonny River. In: Threats to Mangrove Forest. 2018;267–321. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73016-5_13.
12. Leggett RW. Biokinetic modeling. In: Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2019;215–306.
13. Mba C. Only 2% of oil spillages cleaned up in 5 years due to NOSDRA’s dependent relationship on oil companies in Nigeria. Dataphyte. 2021. https://www.dataphyte.com/latest-reports/extractive/only-2-of-oil-spillages-cleaned-up-in-5-years-due-to-nosdras-dependent-relationship-on-oil-companies-in-nigeria/.
14. Mihali C, Dippong T, Dumuța A, Mureșan AR. Characterization of active compounds from Citrus Peels By-Products using Chromatographic and Optic methods. Sci Bull North Univ Cent Baia Mare. 2017;31(2):41–47.
15. Mnif S, Chebbi A, Mhiri N, Sayadi S, Chamkha M. Biodegradation of phenanthrene by a bacterial consortium enriched from Sercina Oilfield. Process Saf Environ Prot. 2017;107:44–53.
16. Nwachukwu I, Mbachu IC. The socio-cultural implications of crude oil exploration in Nigeria. In: The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem. 2018;177–190. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809399-3.00013-6.
17. Obuge AM, Ukpaka CP, Amadi SA, Puyate YT. Experimental-based study of Justicia Carnea and Moringa oleifera extract on crude oil remediation of contaminated loamy soil. Int J Environ Chem. 2021;7(2):13–28.
18. Ogunlade CA, Jekayinfa SO, Olaniran JA, Adebayo AO. Energy life-cycle assessment and economic analysis of sweet orange production in Nigeria. Agric Eng Int CIGR J. 2020;22(2):123–132.
19. Olatunji OM, Horsfall IT, Ekiyor TH. Comparison of bioremediation capabilities of poultry droppings and Avocado Pear Seed Cake in petroleum-polluted soil. J Eng Technol Res. 2018;10(5). doi:10.5897/jetr2018.0652.
20. Promise N, Ukpaka CP, Puyate Y. Biokinetics of crude oil remediation using Dogoyaro (Azadirachta indica) stem. Indian J Eng. 2020;17(47):250–60.
21. Ratcliffe R. “This Place Used to Be Green”: The brutal impact of oil in the Niger Delta. The Guardian. 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/dec/06/this-place-used-to-be-green-the-brutal-impact-of-oil-in-the-niger-delta.
22. Ren X, Zeng G, Tang L, Wang J, Wan J, Wang J, Deng Y, Liu Y, Peng B. The potential impact on the biodegradation of organic pollutants from composting technology for soil remediation. Waste Manag. 2018;72:138–49. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.032.
23. Ruley JA, Amoding A, Tumuhairwe JB, Basamba TA. Rhizoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon–contaminated soils: A systematic review of mutualism between phytoremediation species and soil living microorganisms. In: Phytoremediation. 2022;263–96. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-89874-4.00008-X.
24. Shravan R, Shere DM, Joshi MM. Study of physico-chemical characteristics of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;1687–89.
25. Ukhurebor KE, Athar H, Adetunji CO, Aigbe UO, Onyancha RB, Abifarin O. Environmental implications of petroleum spillages in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A review. J Environ Manag. 2021;293. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112872.
26. Ukpaka CP. Investigation into the kinetics of biodegradation of crude oil in different soils. J Eng Technol Res. 2012;4(2):33–48. doi:10.5897/jetr11.057.
27. Ukpaka CP, Udeh I. Kinetic model for crude oil degradation using Moringa extract. Int J Pet Eng. 2015;1(2):28–39. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346930058.
28. Ukpaka C. Development of a model for bioremediation of crude oil using Moringa extract. Chem Int. 2016;2:19–28.
29. Ukpaka C. Comparison of the performance of Moringa and Neem root extracts on crude oil degradation in soils environment. Pet Petrochem Eng J. 2020;4(3):19.
30. Ukpaka CP, Ajua FN, Amadi SA. Biokinetics of crude oil remediation on soil environment using fermented Cassava liquid. Int J Chem Mol Eng. 2020;6(2).