A Comprehensive Review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions

Ravikant Nanwatkar; Vivek Dome

A Comprehensive Review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions

Ravikant Nanwatkar, Vivek Dome | International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing | Vol 11, Issue 01 | pp. 1-13 | ISSN: 2582-5046

Abstract

Abstract

Smart Parking Systems (SPS) are gaining significant attention as a critical solution to address the growing concerns of urban congestion, inefficient use of parking spaces, and environmental sustainability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of SPS, focusing on the key technologies, challenges, and future directions. We explore the integration of advanced technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and sensor networks in the development of SPS. The review delves into various sensor-based systems, data analytics methods, and communication protocols that enable real-time parking space monitoring, intelligent allocation, and dynamic pricing models. Additionally, the paper identifies and analyzes the major challenges in implementing smart parking solutions, including privacy concerns, infrastructure limitations, scalability issues, and integration with existing urban transport systems. Finally, the paper outlines future directions for research and development in smart parking, highlighting the potential of emerging technologies, such as 5G networks, blockchain, and autonomous vehicles to revolutionize urban parking management. This review aims to provide a holistic understanding of SPS and offer valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals seeking to optimize urban mobility and parking efficiency.

Keywords: Smart Parking System, parking space, fuel efficiency, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, sensor networks in the development of SPS

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References

Zhang J, Wang Y, Li Y. A review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies and future directions. IEEE Access. 2020;8(1):85002–85015. Available from: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2990572
Rahman MS, Sulaiman S. Intelligent Parking Systems: A review of challenges and solutions,. J Traffic Transp Eng. 2019;7(6):530–542. Available from: 10.1016/j.jtte.2019.10.002
Chen L, Li Q, Li Y. The development of Smart Parking Systems in urban environments. Urban Sci.2018;2(4):58–65. Available from: 10.3390/urbansci2040058
Sarkar S, Banerjee R. Advancements in IoT-based Smart Parking Systems: A review. Sensors. 2021;21(3):1204–1223. Available from: 10.3390/s21031204
Kim J, Lee K. Blockchain-based Parking System: A review of smart parking solutions. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst. 2020;22(2):1009–1018. Available from: 10.1109/TITS.2020.2979383
He Y, Li J. Design and challenges of Smart Parking Systems for smart cities. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2019;68( 5):4583–4596. Available from: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2904312
Gao M, Zhang J. A survey on the Internet of Things for Smart Parking Systems. Int J Comput Appl.2020;178(6): 35–45. Available from: 10.5120/ijca201791422
Wang Y, Yang Z. Real-time parking space detection using IoT and big data. Future Gener Comput Syst.2020;108:682–691. Available from: 10.1016/j.future.2019.10.045
Liu Z, Zhao Y. Smart Parking Systems and challenges: A case study. J Urban Technol. 2018;25(3): 45–60. Available from: 10.1080/10630732.2017.1419301
Liu C, Wang X. A survey on Intelligent Parking System technologies. IEEE Access. 2020;8:158229–158243. Available from 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012758
Arslan M, Akdemir C. Smart parking management system using IoT and cloud computing. IEEE Access. 2020;8:145512–145526. Available from: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012361
Bai J, Hu Y. Smart parking solutions in smart cities: Challenges and opportunities. Sustainability. 2019;11(21):6132–6151. Available from: 10.3390/su11216132
Yang X, Liu S. Recent advances in smart parking: A review. Comput Environ Urban Syst. 2021;85: 101552–101565. Availability from: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101552
Ibrahim M, Saleh A. A comprehensive review on smart parking systems: Emerging trends and challenges. Smart Cities. 2020;3(1):120–137. Available from: 10.3390/smartcities3010008
Yoon H, Park M. Analysis of smart parking systems: From sensing to security. Sens. Actuator A Phys.2019;295:12–25. Available from: 10.1016/j.sna.2019.06.012
Zhou Q, Xu Z.Blockchain-based smart parking systems: A survey. IEEE Access. 2020; 8:43791–43806. Available from: 1109/ACCESS.2020.2974983
Zhang M, Liu Y. Review of dynamic pricing in smart parking systems. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol. 2021;124:1–13. Available from 10.1016/j.trc.2020.103021
Peng X, Li L. The role of big data in enhancing smart parking systems. Computer Networks. 2019;152:15–28. Available from: 10.1016/j.comnet.2019.02.020
Zhu Z, Xu H. A novel framework for smart parking system using data analytics. JKSUCI. 2020;34(6):3208–3215. Available from: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.01.021
Yue X, Zhang Y. Integrating IoT and cloud computing for smart parking systems: A review. Future Internet. 2021;13(10):253–272. Available from: 10.3390/fi13100253
Huang Y, Wang X. Design and implementation of a smart parking system using IoT and cloud. IoT Journal. 2020;7(3):191–204. Available from: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.2987225
Liu Y, Li H. A review of smart parking solutions using wireless sensor networks. Computer Comm.2019;144:1–12. Available from: 10.1016/j.comcom.2019.07.013
Sivaraman A, Liu Z. Technological challenges in smart parking systems: A systematic review. Future Gener Comput Syst. 2020;108:605–616. Available from: 10.1016/j.future.2019.10.040.
Sharma S, Kumar R. Smart parking system using machine learning techniques. MLAIJ. 2019;6(2):25–34. Available from: 10.5121/mlaij.2020.6203
Wang J, Lu Y.Smart parking systems using smart city technologies. Sci Prog. 2019;102 (3):1–14. Available from: 10.1177/0036850419864269
Adebayo O, Amritraj A. Survey on smart parking solutions and their applications. Comput Appl Eng Educ. 2020;28:1044–1055. Available from 10.1002/cae.22288
Lu H, Zhang J. Smart parking system framework based on wireless communication. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications. 2018:1621–1625. Available from: 10.1109/ICC.2018.8422611
Jin X, Yang D. Optimizing smart parking solutions: challenges and approaches. J Transp Eng. 2020;146(6):05020006–05020015. Available from: 10.1061/JTEPBS.0000369
Xie L, Sun W. Intelligent parking systems for urban mobility: Current trends and future Prospects. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl. 2021;12(4):109–118. Available from: [10.14569/IJACSA.2021.01204016] (https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021)

How to cite this article

APA

Nanwatkar, R., & Dome, V. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions. International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 11(01), 1-13.

MLA

Nanwatkar, Ravikant, and Vivek Dome. “A Comprehensive Review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions.” International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, vol. 11, no. 01, 2025, pp. 1-13.

Chicago

Ravikant Nanwatkar, and Vivek Dome. “A Comprehensive Review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions.” International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 11, no. 01 (2025): 1-13.

Vancouver

Nanwatkar R, Dome V. A Comprehensive Review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions. International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2025;11(01):1-13.

BibTeX

@article{NanwatkarR2025,
author = {Ravikant Nanwatkar and Vivek Dome},
title = {A Comprehensive Review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions},
journal = {International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {01},
pages = {1--13},
issn = {2582-5046},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijmmp/article=15931}
}

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Ravikant Nanwatkar, Vivek Dome | International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing | Vol 11, Issue 01 | pp. 1-13 | ISSN: 2582-5046

Abstract

Abstract

Keywords: Smart Parking System, parking space, fuel efficiency, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, sensor networks in the development of SPS

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Zhang J, Wang Y, Li Y. A review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies and future directions. IEEE Access. 2020;8(1):85002–85015. Available from: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2990572
Rahman MS, Sulaiman S. Intelligent Parking Systems: A review of challenges and solutions,. J Traffic Transp Eng. 2019;7(6):530–542. Available from: 10.1016/j.jtte.2019.10.002
Chen L, Li Q, Li Y. The development of Smart Parking Systems in urban environments. Urban Sci.2018;2(4):58–65. Available from: 10.3390/urbansci2040058
Sarkar S, Banerjee R. Advancements in IoT-based Smart Parking Systems: A review. Sensors. 2021;21(3):1204–1223. Available from: 10.3390/s21031204
Kim J, Lee K. Blockchain-based Parking System: A review of smart parking solutions. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst. 2020;22(2):1009–1018. Available from: 10.1109/TITS.2020.2979383
He Y, Li J. Design and challenges of Smart Parking Systems for smart cities. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2019;68( 5):4583–4596. Available from: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2904312
Gao M, Zhang J. A survey on the Internet of Things for Smart Parking Systems. Int J Comput Appl.2020;178(6): 35–45. Available from: 10.5120/ijca201791422
Wang Y, Yang Z. Real-time parking space detection using IoT and big data. Future Gener Comput Syst.2020;108:682–691. Available from: 10.1016/j.future.2019.10.045
Liu Z, Zhao Y. Smart Parking Systems and challenges: A case study. J Urban Technol. 2018;25(3): 45–60. Available from: 10.1080/10630732.2017.1419301
Liu C, Wang X. A survey on Intelligent Parking System technologies. IEEE Access. 2020;8:158229–158243. Available from 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012758
Arslan M, Akdemir C. Smart parking management system using IoT and cloud computing. IEEE Access. 2020;8:145512–145526. Available from: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012361
Bai J, Hu Y. Smart parking solutions in smart cities: Challenges and opportunities. Sustainability. 2019;11(21):6132–6151. Available from: 10.3390/su11216132
Yang X, Liu S. Recent advances in smart parking: A review. Comput Environ Urban Syst. 2021;85: 101552–101565. Availability from: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101552
Ibrahim M, Saleh A. A comprehensive review on smart parking systems: Emerging trends and challenges. Smart Cities. 2020;3(1):120–137. Available from: 10.3390/smartcities3010008
Yoon H, Park M. Analysis of smart parking systems: From sensing to security. Sens. Actuator A Phys.2019;295:12–25. Available from: 10.1016/j.sna.2019.06.012
Zhou Q, Xu Z.Blockchain-based smart parking systems: A survey. IEEE Access. 2020; 8:43791–43806. Available from: 1109/ACCESS.2020.2974983
Zhang M, Liu Y. Review of dynamic pricing in smart parking systems. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol. 2021;124:1–13. Available from 10.1016/j.trc.2020.103021
Peng X, Li L. The role of big data in enhancing smart parking systems. Computer Networks. 2019;152:15–28. Available from: 10.1016/j.comnet.2019.02.020
Zhu Z, Xu H. A novel framework for smart parking system using data analytics. JKSUCI. 2020;34(6):3208–3215. Available from: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.01.021
Yue X, Zhang Y. Integrating IoT and cloud computing for smart parking systems: A review. Future Internet. 2021;13(10):253–272. Available from: 10.3390/fi13100253
Huang Y, Wang X. Design and implementation of a smart parking system using IoT and cloud. IoT Journal. 2020;7(3):191–204. Available from: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.2987225
Liu Y, Li H. A review of smart parking solutions using wireless sensor networks. Computer Comm.2019;144:1–12. Available from: 10.1016/j.comcom.2019.07.013
Sivaraman A, Liu Z. Technological challenges in smart parking systems: A systematic review. Future Gener Comput Syst. 2020;108:605–616. Available from: 10.1016/j.future.2019.10.040.
Sharma S, Kumar R. Smart parking system using machine learning techniques. MLAIJ. 2019;6(2):25–34. Available from: 10.5121/mlaij.2020.6203
Wang J, Lu Y.Smart parking systems using smart city technologies. Sci Prog. 2019;102 (3):1–14. Available from: 10.1177/0036850419864269
Adebayo O, Amritraj A. Survey on smart parking solutions and their applications. Comput Appl Eng Educ. 2020;28:1044–1055. Available from 10.1002/cae.22288
Lu H, Zhang J. Smart parking system framework based on wireless communication. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications. 2018:1621–1625. Available from: 10.1109/ICC.2018.8422611
Jin X, Yang D. Optimizing smart parking solutions: challenges and approaches. J Transp Eng. 2020;146(6):05020006–05020015. Available from: 10.1061/JTEPBS.0000369
Xie L, Sun W. Intelligent parking systems for urban mobility: Current trends and future Prospects. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl. 2021;12(4):109–118. Available from: [10.14569/IJACSA.2021.01204016] (https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021)

How to cite this article

APA

MLA

Chicago

Vancouver

BibTeX

@article{NanwatkarR2025,
author = {Ravikant Nanwatkar and Vivek Dome},
title = {A Comprehensive Review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions},
journal = {International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {01},
pages = {1--13},
issn = {2582-5046},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijmmp/article=15931}
}

Ravikant Nanwatkar, Vivek Dome | International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing | Vol 11, Issue 01 | pp. 1-13 | ISSN: 2582-5046

Abstract

Abstract

Keywords: Smart Parking System, parking space, fuel efficiency, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, sensor networks in the development of SPS

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Zhang J, Wang Y, Li Y. A review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies and future directions. IEEE Access. 2020;8(1):85002–85015. Available from: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2990572
Rahman MS, Sulaiman S. Intelligent Parking Systems: A review of challenges and solutions,. J Traffic Transp Eng. 2019;7(6):530–542. Available from: 10.1016/j.jtte.2019.10.002
Chen L, Li Q, Li Y. The development of Smart Parking Systems in urban environments. Urban Sci.2018;2(4):58–65. Available from: 10.3390/urbansci2040058
Sarkar S, Banerjee R. Advancements in IoT-based Smart Parking Systems: A review. Sensors. 2021;21(3):1204–1223. Available from: 10.3390/s21031204
Kim J, Lee K. Blockchain-based Parking System: A review of smart parking solutions. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst. 2020;22(2):1009–1018. Available from: 10.1109/TITS.2020.2979383
He Y, Li J. Design and challenges of Smart Parking Systems for smart cities. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2019;68( 5):4583–4596. Available from: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2904312
Gao M, Zhang J. A survey on the Internet of Things for Smart Parking Systems. Int J Comput Appl.2020;178(6): 35–45. Available from: 10.5120/ijca201791422
Wang Y, Yang Z. Real-time parking space detection using IoT and big data. Future Gener Comput Syst.2020;108:682–691. Available from: 10.1016/j.future.2019.10.045
Liu Z, Zhao Y. Smart Parking Systems and challenges: A case study. J Urban Technol. 2018;25(3): 45–60. Available from: 10.1080/10630732.2017.1419301
Liu C, Wang X. A survey on Intelligent Parking System technologies. IEEE Access. 2020;8:158229–158243. Available from 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012758
Arslan M, Akdemir C. Smart parking management system using IoT and cloud computing. IEEE Access. 2020;8:145512–145526. Available from: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012361
Bai J, Hu Y. Smart parking solutions in smart cities: Challenges and opportunities. Sustainability. 2019;11(21):6132–6151. Available from: 10.3390/su11216132
Yang X, Liu S. Recent advances in smart parking: A review. Comput Environ Urban Syst. 2021;85: 101552–101565. Availability from: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101552
Ibrahim M, Saleh A. A comprehensive review on smart parking systems: Emerging trends and challenges. Smart Cities. 2020;3(1):120–137. Available from: 10.3390/smartcities3010008
Yoon H, Park M. Analysis of smart parking systems: From sensing to security. Sens. Actuator A Phys.2019;295:12–25. Available from: 10.1016/j.sna.2019.06.012
Zhou Q, Xu Z.Blockchain-based smart parking systems: A survey. IEEE Access. 2020; 8:43791–43806. Available from: 1109/ACCESS.2020.2974983
Zhang M, Liu Y. Review of dynamic pricing in smart parking systems. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol. 2021;124:1–13. Available from 10.1016/j.trc.2020.103021
Peng X, Li L. The role of big data in enhancing smart parking systems. Computer Networks. 2019;152:15–28. Available from: 10.1016/j.comnet.2019.02.020
Zhu Z, Xu H. A novel framework for smart parking system using data analytics. JKSUCI. 2020;34(6):3208–3215. Available from: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.01.021
Yue X, Zhang Y. Integrating IoT and cloud computing for smart parking systems: A review. Future Internet. 2021;13(10):253–272. Available from: 10.3390/fi13100253
Huang Y, Wang X. Design and implementation of a smart parking system using IoT and cloud. IoT Journal. 2020;7(3):191–204. Available from: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.2987225
Liu Y, Li H. A review of smart parking solutions using wireless sensor networks. Computer Comm.2019;144:1–12. Available from: 10.1016/j.comcom.2019.07.013
Sivaraman A, Liu Z. Technological challenges in smart parking systems: A systematic review. Future Gener Comput Syst. 2020;108:605–616. Available from: 10.1016/j.future.2019.10.040.
Sharma S, Kumar R. Smart parking system using machine learning techniques. MLAIJ. 2019;6(2):25–34. Available from: 10.5121/mlaij.2020.6203
Wang J, Lu Y.Smart parking systems using smart city technologies. Sci Prog. 2019;102 (3):1–14. Available from: 10.1177/0036850419864269
Adebayo O, Amritraj A. Survey on smart parking solutions and their applications. Comput Appl Eng Educ. 2020;28:1044–1055. Available from 10.1002/cae.22288
Lu H, Zhang J. Smart parking system framework based on wireless communication. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications. 2018:1621–1625. Available from: 10.1109/ICC.2018.8422611
Jin X, Yang D. Optimizing smart parking solutions: challenges and approaches. J Transp Eng. 2020;146(6):05020006–05020015. Available from: 10.1061/JTEPBS.0000369
Xie L, Sun W. Intelligent parking systems for urban mobility: Current trends and future Prospects. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl. 2021;12(4):109–118. Available from: [10.14569/IJACSA.2021.01204016] (https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021)

How to cite this article

APA

MLA

Chicago

Vancouver

BibTeX

@article{NanwatkarR2025,
author = {Ravikant Nanwatkar and Vivek Dome},
title = {A Comprehensive Review of Smart Parking Systems: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions},
journal = {International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {01},
pages = {1--13},
issn = {2582-5046},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijmmp/article=15931}
}

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