Industrial evolution has been brought by the Internet of Things (IoT) which is connectivity of trillions of devices which makes smart systems and how humans and machines communicate easy. But as IoT expands even more the era of wired and wireless networking has been overtaken with issues such as latency, energy and security risk. This paper examines the emerging Internet technologies such as edge computing, 5G, SDN, and block chain that address unique IoT problems. Internet technologies assist with practical answers to the challenge of real-time data, resource optimizing, and secure messages. The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday devices to a central network, allowing them to communicate and work together to improve our lives. From smart homes with remote-controlled lights and security systems to automated industries and smart cities, IoT plays a crucial role in modern technology. It enables seamless interaction between devices, making life more convenient, efficient, and connected. This research outlines a catalog that is comprehensive of how fundamental IoT applications, namely smart cities, smart factories/smart automation, and smart health care have contributed to the revolutionizing of architecture. The objective of this study was to come up with new guidelines, new case studies and a new strategy to plan, build, and monitor adaptable IoT networks based on simulations of cities. The goal of the findings is to assist practitioners and researchers to create robust and efficient infrastructures that respond to the fast-paced growth of IoT inventions.

Keywords: IoT, 5G, SDN, blockchain, network, health care

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1. Alharbi S, Attiah A, Alghazzawi D. Integrating blockchain with artificial intelligence to secure IoT networks: Future trends. Sustainability. 2022 Nov 30;14(23):16002.
2. Shahzad MN. Fair Dynamic Switch Migration and Scheduling in SDN for Next Generation Internet of Things (NG-IoT) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester).
3. Omoniwa B, Hussain R, Javed MA, Bouk SH, Malik SA. Fog/edge computing-based IoT (FECIoT): Architecture, applications, and research issues. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2018 Oct 11;6(3):4118-49.
4. Saad S, Traore I, Ghorbani A, Sayed B, Zhao D, Lu W, Felix J, Hakimian P. Detecting P2P botnets through network behavior analysis and machine learning. In2011 Ninth annual international conference on privacy, security and trust 2011 Jul 19 (pp. 174-180). IEEE.
5. Uddin MZ, Khaksar W, Torresen J. Facial expression recognition using salient features and convolutional neural network. IEEE Access. 2017 Nov 23;5:26146-61.
6. Kumar V, Das AK, Sinha D. UIDS: a unified intrusion detection system for IoT environment. Evolutionary intelligence. 2021 Mar;14(1):47-59.
7. Peng Y, Zheng Z. Spectral clustering and transductive SVM based hyperspectral image classification. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 2020;10(4):72-7.
8. Gugulothu VK, Mohan Rao SK. Classification of IRS LISS-III IMAGES by usingartificial neural networks. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 2020;10(4):24-31.
9. Ray PP. A review on tactile IoT: Architecture, requirements, prospects, and future directions. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies. 2022 Apr;33(4):e4428.
10. Tung NX, Giang LT, Son BD, Jeong SG, Van Chien T, Hwang WJ, Hanzo L. Graph Neural Networks for Next-Generation-IoT: Recent Advances and Open Challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.20634. 2024 Dec 30.
11. Katoh M, Sato I, Watanabe N. Traffic engineering for IoT. In2016 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN) 2016 Jan 13 (pp. 195-200). IEEE.
12. Rai HM, Shukla KK, Tightiz L, Padmanaban S. Enhancing data security and privacy in energy applications: Integrating IoT and blockchain technologies. Heliyon. 2024 Oct 15;10(19).
13. Belgaum MR, Alansari Z, Musa S, Alam MM, Mazliham MS. Impact of artificial intelligence-enabled software-defined networks in infrastructure and operations: Trends and challenges. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. 2021;12(1).
14. Ashraf Z, Sohail A, Hameed A, Farhan M, Alotaibi FA, Alnfiai MM. Robust and lightweight remote user authentication mechanism for next-generation IoT-based smart home. IEEE Access. 2023 Nov 28;11:137899-910.
15. Almadani Y, Plets D, Bastiaens S, Joseph W, Ijaz M, Ghassemlooy Z, Rajbhandari S. Visible light communications for industrial applications—Challenges and potentials. Electronics. 2020 Dec 16;9(12):2157.
16. Beniiche A, Ebrahimzadeh A, Maier M. From blockchain Internet of Things (B-IoT) towards decentralising the Tactile Internet. InBlockchain-enabled Fog and Edge Computing: Concepts, Architectures and Applications 2020 Jul 27 (pp. 3-30). CRC Press.

Industrial evolution has been brought by the Internet of Things (IoT) which is connectivity of trillions of devices which makes smart systems and how humans and machines communicate easy. But as IoT expands even more the era of wired and wireless networking has been overtaken with issues such as latency, energy and security risk. This paper examines the emerging Internet technologies such as edge computing, 5G, SDN, and block chain that address unique IoT problems. Internet technologies assist with practical answers to the challenge of real-time data, resource optimizing, and secure messages. The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday devices to a central network, allowing them to communicate and work together to improve our lives. From smart homes with remote-controlled lights and security systems to automated industries and smart cities, IoT plays a crucial role in modern technology. It enables seamless interaction between devices, making life more convenient, efficient, and connected. This research outlines a catalog that is comprehensive of how fundamental IoT applications, namely smart cities, smart factories/smart automation, and smart health care have contributed to the revolutionizing of architecture. The objective of this study was to come up with new guidelines, new case studies and a new strategy to plan, build, and monitor adaptable IoT networks based on simulations of cities. The goal of the findings is to assist practitioners and researchers to create robust and efficient infrastructures that respond to the fast-paced growth of IoT inventions.

Keywords: IoT, 5G, SDN, blockchain, network, health care

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Alharbi S, Attiah A, Alghazzawi D. Integrating blockchain with artificial intelligence to secure IoT networks: Future trends. Sustainability. 2022 Nov 30;14(23):16002.
2. Shahzad MN. Fair Dynamic Switch Migration and Scheduling in SDN for Next Generation Internet of Things (NG-IoT) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester).
3. Omoniwa B, Hussain R, Javed MA, Bouk SH, Malik SA. Fog/edge computing-based IoT (FECIoT): Architecture, applications, and research issues. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2018 Oct 11;6(3):4118-49.
4. Saad S, Traore I, Ghorbani A, Sayed B, Zhao D, Lu W, Felix J, Hakimian P. Detecting P2P botnets through network behavior analysis and machine learning. In2011 Ninth annual international conference on privacy, security and trust 2011 Jul 19 (pp. 174-180). IEEE.
5. Uddin MZ, Khaksar W, Torresen J. Facial expression recognition using salient features and convolutional neural network. IEEE Access. 2017 Nov 23;5:26146-61.
6. Kumar V, Das AK, Sinha D. UIDS: a unified intrusion detection system for IoT environment. Evolutionary intelligence. 2021 Mar;14(1):47-59.
7. Peng Y, Zheng Z. Spectral clustering and transductive SVM based hyperspectral image classification. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 2020;10(4):72-7.
8. Gugulothu VK, Mohan Rao SK. Classification of IRS LISS-III IMAGES by usingartificial neural networks. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 2020;10(4):24-31.
9. Ray PP. A review on tactile IoT: Architecture, requirements, prospects, and future directions. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies. 2022 Apr;33(4):e4428.
10. Tung NX, Giang LT, Son BD, Jeong SG, Van Chien T, Hwang WJ, Hanzo L. Graph Neural Networks for Next-Generation-IoT: Recent Advances and Open Challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.20634. 2024 Dec 30.
11. Katoh M, Sato I, Watanabe N. Traffic engineering for IoT. In2016 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN) 2016 Jan 13 (pp. 195-200). IEEE.
12. Rai HM, Shukla KK, Tightiz L, Padmanaban S. Enhancing data security and privacy in energy applications: Integrating IoT and blockchain technologies. Heliyon. 2024 Oct 15;10(19).
13. Belgaum MR, Alansari Z, Musa S, Alam MM, Mazliham MS. Impact of artificial intelligence-enabled software-defined networks in infrastructure and operations: Trends and challenges. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. 2021;12(1).
14. Ashraf Z, Sohail A, Hameed A, Farhan M, Alotaibi FA, Alnfiai MM. Robust and lightweight remote user authentication mechanism for next-generation IoT-based smart home. IEEE Access. 2023 Nov 28;11:137899-910.
15. Almadani Y, Plets D, Bastiaens S, Joseph W, Ijaz M, Ghassemlooy Z, Rajbhandari S. Visible light communications for industrial applications—Challenges and potentials. Electronics. 2020 Dec 16;9(12):2157.
16. Beniiche A, Ebrahimzadeh A, Maier M. From blockchain Internet of Things (B-IoT) towards decentralising the Tactile Internet. InBlockchain-enabled Fog and Edge Computing: Concepts, Architectures and Applications 2020 Jul 27 (pp. 3-30). CRC Press.