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By: Rahul Ghodake, Vaibhav Godase, Soham Modi, and Vishal Misal.
1,2. Assistant Professor,Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur, India
3,4. UG Students, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur, India
Because wearable biomedical monitoring technologies allow for continuous, real-time, and remote measurement of physiological parameters, they are quickly becoming a key component of contemporary healthcare. These systems place stringent demands on the analog front-end (AFE), which must accurately acquire and condition extremely low-amplitude biopotential signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and electromyogram (EMG) while operating under severe power and size constraints. This paper presents the design and simulation of an energy-efficient CMOS analog front-end specifically optimized for wearable biomedical monitoring applications. The proposed AFE integrates a low-noise instrumentation amplifier, an active band-limited filter, a programmable gain stage, and a low-power output buffer, all implemented using a standard 180 nm CMOS technology to ensure full on-chip integration and cost effectiveness. Power-aware circuit design techniques, including current scaling, noise-optimized transistor sizing, and low-voltage biasing, are employed to minimize power consumption without compromising signal integrity or stability. The AFE is designed to provide high differential gain, excellent common-mode rejection, and effective suppression of out-of-band noise and interference. Post-layout simulations demonstrate that the proposed design achieves a total power consumption of 210 µW from a 1.8 V supply, a programmable overall gain of up to 60 dB, an input-referred noise density of 6.5 nV/√Hz at 1 kHz, and a common-mode rejection ratio exceeding 90 dB across the signal bandwidth. These performance metrics indicate that the proposed CMOS analog front-end is well suited for low-power, high-fidelity wearable biomedical monitoring systems and represents a practical solution for next-generation portable healthcare devices.
Keywords – CMOS analog front-end, wearable biomedical systems, low power, instrumentation amplifier, ECG, EEG.
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