The adoption of advanced reproductive technologies (ARTs) in subsistence dairy farming remains
limited despite their potential to enhance genetic improvement, fertility rates, and overall productivity.
This study explores the key constraints hindering the integration of ARTs, including artificial
insemination, embryo transfer, and ovulation synchronization, within small-scale dairy production
systems. Financial constraints, lack of awareness, inadequate veterinary support, and socio-cultural
resistance are identified as primary barriers. Limited access to affordable credit, high costs of
reproductive inputs, and weak market linkages discourage investment in ARTs. Additionally,
infrastructural deficiencies, such as inadequate cold storage for semen preservation, unreliable
veterinary services, and poor transportation networks, further impede adoption. Socio-cultural beliefs
and traditional breeding preferences often deter farmers from embracing modern reproductive
practices, while policy gaps, weak institutional support, and insufficient farmer training exacerbate the
challenges. Environmental factors, including heat stress and seasonal variations, further influence
reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. Addressing these constraints requires a multifaceted approach,
including financial incentives, capacity-building programs, strengthened veterinary extension services,
and the development of localized, low-cost reproductive technologies. The study underscores the need
for integrated policies and stakeholder collaboration to facilitate ART adoption, thereby improving the
sustainability and productivity of subsistence dairy farming systems.

Keywords: Adoption, constraints, dairy farming, reproductive technologies, smallholder, subsistence,
sustainability

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Lamanna M, Bovo M, Cavallini D. Wearable collar technologies for dairy cows: A systematized review of the current applications and future innovations in precision livestock farming. Animals. 2025 Feb 6;15(3):458.
2. Tadele E, Worku D, Yigzaw D, Muluneh T, Melese A. Precision of dairy farming: navigating challenges and seizing opportunities for sustainable dairy production in Africa. Frontiers in Animal Science. 2025 Mar 4;6:1541838. 3. Seth P, Chandran B, Mittra B, Pingali P. Understanding the Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Artificial Insemination in Livestock. Economic & Political Weekly. 2025 Feb 15;60(7):69. 4. Lopez-Helguera I, Colazo MG, Kastelic JP. Artificial Insemination in Cows. InEncyclopedia of Livestock Medicine for Large Animal and Poultry Production 2026 Feb 16 (pp. 103-106). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. 5. Mazzocchi C, Zanchi L, Orsi L, Mattiello S, Battini M. Should I stay or should I go? Tie stalls or loose housing to improve dairy cow welfare. Italian Review of Agricultural Economics. 2025 Feb 10;80(1):17-30. 6. Brunt MW, Ritter C, Renaud DL, LeBlanc SJ, Kelton DF. Dairy producers' awareness, perceptions, and barriers to early detection and treatment of lameness on dairy farms: A qualitative focus group study. Journal of Dairy Science. 2025 Jun 1;108(6):6244-53. 7. Hufana-Duran D, Chaikhun-Marcou T, Duran PG, Atabay EP, Nguyen HT, Atabay EC, Nguyen UT, Nguyen HT, Hiew MW, Punyawai K, Ginting N. Future of reproductive biotechnologies in water buffalo in Southeast Asian countries. Theriogenology. 2025 Feb 1;233:123-30. 8. Singh YP, Jaiswal J, Dwivedi Y. In-vitro fertilization: revolutionizing livestock breeding efficiency. 2025. Available from: https://journalspub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/1-5-Article-In-vitro-Fertilization-Revolutionizing.pdf. 9. Neculai-Valeanu AS, Sanduleanu C, Amaritii G, Bruma is. Precision Livestock Farming and Its Role for Assuring a Sustainable Cattle Management-A Study Case on CONNECTED COW. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture & Rural Development. 2025 Jan 1;25(1). 10. Kumar A, Dwivedi S. Reproductive Biotechnology in Livestock Improvement. Vigyan Varta. 2025;6(3). Available from: https://www.vigyanvarta.in/adminpanel/upload_doc/VV_0325_81.pdf 11. Solarte A, Rico A, Zapata C, Chará J, Murgueitio E. Barriers and strategies for the expansion of livestock agroforestry in the Colombian Amazonian foothills. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias. 2025 Mar;38(1):46-64. 12. Cabrera VE. Artificial intelligence applied to dairy science: insights from the Dairy Brain Initiative. Animal Frontiers. 2024 Dec 1;14(6):60-3. 13. Tangorra FM, Buoio E, Calcante A, Bassi A, Costa A. Internet of Things (IoT): Sensors application in dairy cattle farming. Animals. 2024 Oct 24;14(21):3071. 14. Menchon P, Manning JK, Swain DL, Cosby A. Exploration of extension research to promote genetic improvement in cattle production: systematic review. Animals. 2024 Jan 11;14(2):231. 15. Kaewbang J, Lohanawakul J, Ketnuam N, Prapakornmano K, Khamta P, Raza A, Swangchan-Uthai T, Makararpong D, Inchaisri C. Smart sensors in Thai dairy reproduction: A case study. Veterinary World. 2024 Jun 8;17(6):1251. 16. Ule A, Erjavec K, Klopčič M. Farmers' preferences for breeding goal traits and selection indexes for Slovenian dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2024 Jan 1;107(1):412-22. 17. Elliott LM, Parcell JL, Patterson DJ, Smith MF, Poock SE. Factors influencing beef reproductive technology adoption. J. ASFMRA. 2013 Jan 1;2013:100-19. 18. Drewry JL, Shutske JM, Trechter D, Luck BD, Pitman L. Assessment of digital technology adoption and access barriers among crop, dairy and livestock producers in Wisconsin. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2019 Oct 1;165:104960. 19. Reyes DC, et al. Maine organic dairy producers’ receptiveness to seaweed supplementation and effect of Chondrus crispus on enteric methane emissions in lactating cows. Front Vet Sci. 2023. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1153097. 20. Elkarim BO, Ali EM, Elbadaw KH. Adoption Rates of Some Improved Technological Practices of Dairy Cattle Milk Production Among Smallholder Farmers in Nahir Atbara Locality-Kassala State–Sudan. International Journal of Nove l Research in Humanity and Social Sciences. 2017;4(6):13-9. 21. Mishra S, Sonawane M, Lohar P, Sonawane S. Role of Digital Technologies in Livestock Management. J. Agri. Vet. Sci. 2022;15(1):23-36. 22. Lijalem T, Abebe M, Haile B. Breeding technology assessment at small holder dairy cattle production level in selected districts of HYDYA ZONE, Southern Ethiopia. Advances in Life Science and Technology. 2015;34:81-6. 23. Ooi E, Stevenson MA, Murray AJ, Beggs DS, Mansell PD, Pyman MF. The use of genetic selection to improve herd reproductive performance of dairy cattle in northern Victoria, Australia: preliminary results. 24. Odintsov Vaintrub M, Levit H, Chincarini M, Fusaro I, Giammarco M, Vignola G. Precision livestock farming, automats and new technologies: possible applications in extensive dairy sheep farming. Animal. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100143. 25. Shahzad MA. The need for national livestock surveillance in Pakistan. J Dairy Res. 2022;89(1):13–18. doi: 10.1017/S0022029922000012. 26. Eriksson S, Jonas E, Rydhmer L, Röcklinsberg H. Breeding and ethical perspectives on genetically modified and genome edited cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2018. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12962. 27. Bell A, Sangster N. Research, development and adoption for the north Australian beef cattle breeding industry: an analysis of needs and gaps. Animal Production Science. 2022 Nov 18;63(1):1-40. 28. Ooi E, Stevenson MA, Beggs DS, Mansell PD, Pryce JE, Murray A, Pyman MF. Herd manager attitudes and intentions regarding the selection of high-fertility EBV sires in Australia. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021 Apr 1;104(4):4375-89. 29. Niles MT, Horner C, Chintala R, Tricarico J. A review of determinants for dairy farmer decision making on manure management strategies in high-income countries. Environmental Research Letters. 2019 May 1;14(5):053004. 30. Kebebe EG, Oosting SJ, Baltenweck I, Duncan AJ. Characterisation of adopters and non-adopters of dairy technologies in Ethiopia and Kenya. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2017 Apr;49(4):681-90. 31. Madan ML. Animal biotechnology: applications and economic implications in developing countries. 2005. Available from: kashvet.org. doi: 10.20506/rst.24.1.1555. 32. Kebebe KE. Understanding factors affecting technology adoption in smallholder livestock production systems in Ethiopia: the role of farm resources and the enabling environment (Doctoral dissertation, Wageningen University and Research). 33. Burrow HM, Mrode R, Mwai AO, Coffey MP, Hayes BJ. Challenges and opportunities in applying genomic selection to ruminants owned by smallholder farmers. Agriculture (Basel). 2021;11(11):1172. doi: 10.3390/agriculture11111172. 34. Mee JF. The role of the veterinarian in bovine fertility management on modern dairy farms. Theriogenology. 2007;68(Suppl 1):S257–S265. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.03. 35. Woods A. The farm as clinic: veterinary expertise and the transformation of dairy farming, 1930–1950. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 2007 Jun 1;38(2):462-87. 36. Sumner CL, von Keyserlingk MA, Weary DM. Perspectives of farmers and veterinarians concerning dairy cattle welfare. Animal Frontiers. 2018 Jan;8(1):8-13. 37. Sumner CL, von Keyserlingk MAG. Canadian dairy cattle veterinarian perspectives on calf welfare. J Dairy Sci. 2018;101(11):10303–10316. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-14859. 38. Magne MA, Quénon J. Dairy crossbreeding challenges the French dairy cattle sociotechnical regime. Agron Sustain Dev. 2021;41:32. doi: 10.1007/s13593-021-00683-2. 39. Nimbalkar V, Verma HK, Singh J. Dairy farming innovations for productivity enhancement. In: Sustainable Dairy Farming. IntechOpen; 2022. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.101373. 40. Hambisa AB. Enhancing bovine reproduction: The progress of artificial insemination in Ethiopia. Reprod Domest Anim. 2025;60(1):e7000. doi:10.1111/rda.70003. 41. Ferrari A, et al. Drivers, barriers and impacts of digitalisation in rural areas from the viewpoint of experts. Inf Softw Technol. 2022;141:106816. doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2021.106816. 42. Kebebe E. Bridging technology adoption gaps in livestock sector in Ethiopia: an innovation system perspective. Technol Soc. 2019;57:101203. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.12.002.43. Weary DM, Ventura BA, von Keyserlingk MAG. Societal views and animal welfare science: Understanding why the modified cage may fail and other stories. Animal. 2015;10(2):309–317. doi: 10.1017/S1751731115001160. 44. Gaard G. Reproductive technology, or reproductive justice? An ecofeminist, environmental justice perspective on the rhetoric of choice. Ethics Environ. 2010;15(2):103–130. doi: 10.2979/ete.2010.15.2.103. 45. Rosa L, Gabrielli P. Achieving net-zero emissions in agriculture: A review. Environ Res Lett. 2023;18:043001. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/acd5e8. 46. Weller JI, Ezra E, Ron M. Invited review: A perspective on the future of genomic selection in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100(11):8633–8644. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12879. 47. Hansen PJ, Areéchiga CF. Strategies for managing reproduction in the heat-stressed dairy cow. Journal of animal science. 1999 Jan 1;77(suppl_2):36-50. 48. López-Gatius F. Factors of a noninfectious nature affecting fertility after artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows: A review. Theriogenology. 2012;77(6):1029–1041. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.014. 49. Neethirajan S, Kemp B. Digital livestock farming. Sens Bio-Sensing Res. 2021;32:100408. doi: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100408. 50. Bianchi MC, et al. Diffusion of precision livestock farming technologies in dairy cattle farms. Animal. 2022;16(12):100650. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100650. 51. Martin GB, Fordyce G, McGowan MR, Juengel JL. Perspectives for reproduction and production in grazing sheep and cattle in Australasia: The next 20 years. Theriogenology. 2024;230:174–182. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.09.017. 52. Jelinski MD, Kelton DF, Luby C, Waldner C. Factors associated with the adoption of technologies by the Canadian dairy industry. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 2020 Oct;61(10):1065. 53. Palma-Molina P, et al. Factors associated with intensity of technology adoption and with the adoption of clusters of precision livestock farming technologies in Irish pasture-based dairy systems. J Dairy Sci. 2023;106(2):1456–1471. doi: 10.3168/jds.2021-21503. 54. Piña R, Lange K, Machado V, Bratcher C. Big data technology adoption in beef production. Anim Technol. 2023;5:100235. doi: 10.1016/j.atech.2023.100235. 55. Neethirajan S. Artificial intelligence and sensor technologies in dairy livestock export: charting a digital transformation. Sensors (Basel). 2023;23(16):7045. doi: 10.3390/s23167045. 56. Thinawanga JM, Voster M, Nkhanedzeni BN, Khathutshelo AN, Tshimangadzo LN. Challenges with the implementation and adoption of assisted reproductive technologies under communal farming system. J Vet Med Anim Health. 2018;10(10):256–262. doi: 10.5897/jvmah2018.0707. 57. Arthur PF, Archer JA, Herd RM. Feed intake and efficiency in beef cattle: overview of recent Australian research and challenges for the future. Aust J Exp Agric. 2004;44(4–5):361–369. doi: 10.1071/EA02162. 58. Mercadante VRG, et al. Challenges in breeding and genetics. J Anim Sci. 2023;101(Suppl 1):96–98. doi: 10.1093/jas/skad068.115. 59. Maleko D, Msalya G, Mwilawa A, Pasape L, Mtei K. Smallholder dairy cattle feeding technologies and practices in Tanzania. Int J Agric Sustain. 2018;16(2):201–213. doi: 10.1080/14735903.2018.1440474. 60. Limenih B. Women farmers’ adoption challenges on artificial inseminations service in outskirts of Addis Ababa. Int J Agric Ext. 2018;6(2):81–88. doi: 10.33687/ijae.006.02.2417. 61. Hayes BJ, Bowman PJ, Chamberlain AJ, Goddard ME. Erratum: invited review—genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(3):1313. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-92-3-1313. 62. Baldin M, et al. Integrated decision support systems for dairy farming: improving sustained adoption. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(7):2025. doi: 10.3390/ani11072025. 63. Ogola PA, Ngesa F, Makanji DL. Influence of access to extension services on milk productivity among smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya. Heliyon. 2023;9(9):e20210. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20210.

The adoption of advanced reproductive technologies (ARTs) in subsistence dairy farming remains
limited despite their potential to enhance genetic improvement, fertility rates, and overall productivity.
This study explores the key constraints hindering the integration of ARTs, including artificial
insemination, embryo transfer, and ovulation synchronization, within small-scale dairy production
systems. Financial constraints, lack of awareness, inadequate veterinary support, and socio-cultural
resistance are identified as primary barriers. Limited access to affordable credit, high costs of
reproductive inputs, and weak market linkages discourage investment in ARTs. Additionally,
infrastructural deficiencies, such as inadequate cold storage for semen preservation, unreliable
veterinary services, and poor transportation networks, further impede adoption. Socio-cultural beliefs
and traditional breeding preferences often deter farmers from embracing modern reproductive
practices, while policy gaps, weak institutional support, and insufficient farmer training exacerbate the
challenges. Environmental factors, including heat stress and seasonal variations, further influence
reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. Addressing these constraints requires a multifaceted approach,
including financial incentives, capacity-building programs, strengthened veterinary extension services,
and the development of localized, low-cost reproductive technologies. The study underscores the need
for integrated policies and stakeholder collaboration to facilitate ART adoption, thereby improving the
sustainability and productivity of subsistence dairy farming systems.

Keywords: Adoption, constraints, dairy farming, reproductive technologies, smallholder, subsistence,
sustainability

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Lamanna M, Bovo M, Cavallini D. Wearable collar technologies for dairy cows: A systematized review of the current applications and future innovations in precision livestock farming. Animals. 2025 Feb 6;15(3):458.
2. Tadele E, Worku D, Yigzaw D, Muluneh T, Melese A. Precision of dairy farming: navigating challenges and seizing opportunities for sustainable dairy production in Africa. Frontiers in Animal Science. 2025 Mar 4;6:1541838. 3. Seth P, Chandran B, Mittra B, Pingali P. Understanding the Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Artificial Insemination in Livestock. Economic & Political Weekly. 2025 Feb 15;60(7):69. 4. Lopez-Helguera I, Colazo MG, Kastelic JP. Artificial Insemination in Cows. InEncyclopedia of Livestock Medicine for Large Animal and Poultry Production 2026 Feb 16 (pp. 103-106). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. 5. Mazzocchi C, Zanchi L, Orsi L, Mattiello S, Battini M. Should I stay or should I go? Tie stalls or loose housing to improve dairy cow welfare. Italian Review of Agricultural Economics. 2025 Feb 10;80(1):17-30. 6. Brunt MW, Ritter C, Renaud DL, LeBlanc SJ, Kelton DF. Dairy producers' awareness, perceptions, and barriers to early detection and treatment of lameness on dairy farms: A qualitative focus group study. Journal of Dairy Science. 2025 Jun 1;108(6):6244-53. 7. Hufana-Duran D, Chaikhun-Marcou T, Duran PG, Atabay EP, Nguyen HT, Atabay EC, Nguyen UT, Nguyen HT, Hiew MW, Punyawai K, Ginting N. Future of reproductive biotechnologies in water buffalo in Southeast Asian countries. Theriogenology. 2025 Feb 1;233:123-30. 8. Singh YP, Jaiswal J, Dwivedi Y. In-vitro fertilization: revolutionizing livestock breeding efficiency. 2025. Available from: https://journalspub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/1-5-Article-In-vitro-Fertilization-Revolutionizing.pdf. 9. Neculai-Valeanu AS, Sanduleanu C, Amaritii G, Bruma is. Precision Livestock Farming and Its Role for Assuring a Sustainable Cattle Management-A Study Case on CONNECTED COW. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture & Rural Development. 2025 Jan 1;25(1). 10. Kumar A, Dwivedi S. Reproductive Biotechnology in Livestock Improvement. Vigyan Varta. 2025;6(3). Available from: https://www.vigyanvarta.in/adminpanel/upload_doc/VV_0325_81.pdf 11. Solarte A, Rico A, Zapata C, Chará J, Murgueitio E. Barriers and strategies for the expansion of livestock agroforestry in the Colombian Amazonian foothills. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias. 2025 Mar;38(1):46-64. 12. Cabrera VE. Artificial intelligence applied to dairy science: insights from the Dairy Brain Initiative. Animal Frontiers. 2024 Dec 1;14(6):60-3. 13. Tangorra FM, Buoio E, Calcante A, Bassi A, Costa A. Internet of Things (IoT): Sensors application in dairy cattle farming. Animals. 2024 Oct 24;14(21):3071. 14. Menchon P, Manning JK, Swain DL, Cosby A. Exploration of extension research to promote genetic improvement in cattle production: systematic review. Animals. 2024 Jan 11;14(2):231. 15. Kaewbang J, Lohanawakul J, Ketnuam N, Prapakornmano K, Khamta P, Raza A, Swangchan-Uthai T, Makararpong D, Inchaisri C. Smart sensors in Thai dairy reproduction: A case study. Veterinary World. 2024 Jun 8;17(6):1251. 16. Ule A, Erjavec K, Klopčič M. Farmers' preferences for breeding goal traits and selection indexes for Slovenian dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2024 Jan 1;107(1):412-22. 17. Elliott LM, Parcell JL, Patterson DJ, Smith MF, Poock SE. Factors influencing beef reproductive technology adoption. J. ASFMRA. 2013 Jan 1;2013:100-19. 18. Drewry JL, Shutske JM, Trechter D, Luck BD, Pitman L. Assessment of digital technology adoption and access barriers among crop, dairy and livestock producers in Wisconsin. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2019 Oct 1;165:104960. 19. Reyes DC, et al. Maine organic dairy producers’ receptiveness to seaweed supplementation and effect of Chondrus crispus on enteric methane emissions in lactating cows. Front Vet Sci. 2023. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1153097. 20. Elkarim BO, Ali EM, Elbadaw KH. Adoption Rates of Some Improved Technological Practices of Dairy Cattle Milk Production Among Smallholder Farmers in Nahir Atbara Locality-Kassala State–Sudan. International Journal of Nove l Research in Humanity and Social Sciences. 2017;4(6):13-9. 21. Mishra S, Sonawane M, Lohar P, Sonawane S. Role of Digital Technologies in Livestock Management. J. Agri. Vet. Sci. 2022;15(1):23-36. 22. Lijalem T, Abebe M, Haile B. Breeding technology assessment at small holder dairy cattle production level in selected districts of HYDYA ZONE, Southern Ethiopia. Advances in Life Science and Technology. 2015;34:81-6. 23. Ooi E, Stevenson MA, Murray AJ, Beggs DS, Mansell PD, Pyman MF. The use of genetic selection to improve herd reproductive performance of dairy cattle in northern Victoria, Australia: preliminary results. 24. Odintsov Vaintrub M, Levit H, Chincarini M, Fusaro I, Giammarco M, Vignola G. Precision livestock farming, automats and new technologies: possible applications in extensive dairy sheep farming. Animal. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100143. 25. Shahzad MA. The need for national livestock surveillance in Pakistan. J Dairy Res. 2022;89(1):13–18. doi: 10.1017/S0022029922000012. 26. Eriksson S, Jonas E, Rydhmer L, Röcklinsberg H. Breeding and ethical perspectives on genetically modified and genome edited cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2018. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12962. 27. Bell A, Sangster N. Research, development and adoption for the north Australian beef cattle breeding industry: an analysis of needs and gaps. Animal Production Science. 2022 Nov 18;63(1):1-40. 28. Ooi E, Stevenson MA, Beggs DS, Mansell PD, Pryce JE, Murray A, Pyman MF. Herd manager attitudes and intentions regarding the selection of high-fertility EBV sires in Australia. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021 Apr 1;104(4):4375-89. 29. Niles MT, Horner C, Chintala R, Tricarico J. A review of determinants for dairy farmer decision making on manure management strategies in high-income countries. Environmental Research Letters. 2019 May 1;14(5):053004. 30. Kebebe EG, Oosting SJ, Baltenweck I, Duncan AJ. Characterisation of adopters and non-adopters of dairy technologies in Ethiopia and Kenya. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2017 Apr;49(4):681-90. 31. Madan ML. Animal biotechnology: applications and economic implications in developing countries. 2005. Available from: kashvet.org. doi: 10.20506/rst.24.1.1555. 32. Kebebe KE. Understanding factors affecting technology adoption in smallholder livestock production systems in Ethiopia: the role of farm resources and the enabling environment (Doctoral dissertation, Wageningen University and Research). 33. Burrow HM, Mrode R, Mwai AO, Coffey MP, Hayes BJ. Challenges and opportunities in applying genomic selection to ruminants owned by smallholder farmers. Agriculture (Basel). 2021;11(11):1172. doi: 10.3390/agriculture11111172. 34. Mee JF. The role of the veterinarian in bovine fertility management on modern dairy farms. Theriogenology. 2007;68(Suppl 1):S257–S265. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.03. 35. Woods A. The farm as clinic: veterinary expertise and the transformation of dairy farming, 1930–1950. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 2007 Jun 1;38(2):462-87. 36. Sumner CL, von Keyserlingk MA, Weary DM. Perspectives of farmers and veterinarians concerning dairy cattle welfare. Animal Frontiers. 2018 Jan;8(1):8-13. 37. Sumner CL, von Keyserlingk MAG. Canadian dairy cattle veterinarian perspectives on calf welfare. J Dairy Sci. 2018;101(11):10303–10316. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-14859. 38. Magne MA, Quénon J. Dairy crossbreeding challenges the French dairy cattle sociotechnical regime. Agron Sustain Dev. 2021;41:32. doi: 10.1007/s13593-021-00683-2. 39. Nimbalkar V, Verma HK, Singh J. Dairy farming innovations for productivity enhancement. In: Sustainable Dairy Farming. IntechOpen; 2022. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.101373. 40. Hambisa AB. Enhancing bovine reproduction: The progress of artificial insemination in Ethiopia. Reprod Domest Anim. 2025;60(1):e7000. doi:10.1111/rda.70003. 41. Ferrari A, et al. Drivers, barriers and impacts of digitalisation in rural areas from the viewpoint of experts. Inf Softw Technol. 2022;141:106816. doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2021.106816. 42. Kebebe E. Bridging technology adoption gaps in livestock sector in Ethiopia: an innovation system perspective. Technol Soc. 2019;57:101203. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.12.002.43. Weary DM, Ventura BA, von Keyserlingk MAG. Societal views and animal welfare science: Understanding why the modified cage may fail and other stories. Animal. 2015;10(2):309–317. doi: 10.1017/S1751731115001160. 44. Gaard G. Reproductive technology, or reproductive justice? An ecofeminist, environmental justice perspective on the rhetoric of choice. Ethics Environ. 2010;15(2):103–130. doi: 10.2979/ete.2010.15.2.103. 45. Rosa L, Gabrielli P. Achieving net-zero emissions in agriculture: A review. Environ Res Lett. 2023;18:043001. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/acd5e8. 46. Weller JI, Ezra E, Ron M. Invited review: A perspective on the future of genomic selection in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100(11):8633–8644. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12879. 47. Hansen PJ, Areéchiga CF. Strategies for managing reproduction in the heat-stressed dairy cow. Journal of animal science. 1999 Jan 1;77(suppl_2):36-50. 48. López-Gatius F. Factors of a noninfectious nature affecting fertility after artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows: A review. Theriogenology. 2012;77(6):1029–1041. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.014. 49. Neethirajan S, Kemp B. Digital livestock farming. 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