3 publications

• Published Subscription 25 Jul 2026

  General and Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiments for Science, Pre-medical, and Pharmacy Students – Chapter V: Organic Synthesis

  By Khalid M. Darwish

  Abstract: Organic synthesis can be classified into many types, including simple one-step synthesis, multi-step, one-pot, microwave, or green synthesis. Each type of synthesis takes place through a specific pathway depending on reactants involved, the reaction conditions, the catalyst, the protection group, and the duration of the reaction. In some cases, the required compound can be prepared by more than one procedure, and an expert chemist prefers the procedure by which the …

  Published in International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 8–16 Read article →

• Published Subscription 20 Dec 2025

  Review on the Synthesis, Reactions, Biological Importance and Application of Phthalic Anhydride

  By Khalid M. Darwish, Nisreen M. Atiya

  Abstract: Phthalic anhydride (also known as IUPAC name: benzofurandione), abbreviated PA, represents a cyclic organic substance derived through the oxidative transformation of xylene or naphthalene compounds. The coexistence of the benzene and furan-1, 3-dione ring structures significantly contributes to the formation of numerous heterocycles and certain polycyclic molecules. In organic chemistry, the aromatic system within para-amino benzoic acid acts as a reactive site towards double bond-containing molecules like those featuring an …

  Published in International Journal of Energetic Materials · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 12–20 Read article →

• Published Subscription 20 Dec 2025

  Exploring Antiviral Organic Compounds

  By Khalid M. Darwish, Amal A. A. Al- Mniffy

  Abstract: Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections [1]. Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses [2]. Antiviral drugs are a class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), antifungal and antiparasitic drugs or antiviral drugs based on monoclonal antibodies [3, 4] Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host, …

  Published in International Journal of Energetic Materials · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–8 Read article →