Analytical Evaluation of heavy metals  in eyeshadows: A Risk assessment and Implications for Public Health Regulatory Reforms in Nigeria

Verla Evelyn Ngozi; Verla Andrew Wirnkor; Ekweogu Chinonye Victoria; Diagi Bridget Edewede; Aririguzo Bernadine Ngozi; Iwuoha Godson Ndubuisi

Analytical Evaluation of heavy metals in eyeshadows: A Risk assessment and Implications for Public Health Regulatory Reforms in Nigeria

Verla Evelyn Ngozi, Verla Andrew Wirnkor, Ekweogu Chinonye Victoria, Diagi Bridget Edewede, Aririguzo Bernadine Ngozi, Iwuoha Godson Ndubuisi | International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry | Vol 12, Issue 01 | ISSN: 2582-5933

Abstract

This study employs advanced analytical techniques to assess heavy metal contamination (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn) in 18 commercially available eyeshadow products (local and imported) from Owerri Metropolis, Nigeria. Quantification was conducted using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), while risk evaluations incorporated chemometric modeling approaches. Results revealed significant contamination in locally manufactured brands, particularly those containing calabash chalk (Nzu) as a base ingredient. Lead and nickel concentrations reached 166.58 ± 6.5 mg/kg and 43.63 ± 7.5 mg/kg, exceeding European Union safety limits by factors of 83 and 87, respectively. Health risk assessments demonstrated elevated non-carcinogenic hazard indices (HI > 1,000) and lifetime cancer risks (LCR = 10⁻³–10⁻¹), predominantly driven by cadmium (HI = 970) and nickel (LCR = 2.01 × 10⁻¹). Imported products exhibited lower Pb and Ni levels but still contained concerning cadmium concentrations (e.g., Jordana: Cd = 1.42 × 10⁻¹ mg/kg), likely due to low-grade pigments. Margin of Safety (MOS) values for Cr (22.80–74.67) and Cd (23.60–54.44) remained below the acceptable threshold (MOS ≥ 100), indicating insufficient regulatory control. Higher contamination was noted in darker shades, suggesting the influence of iron oxide pigments and geophagic raw materials as contamination sources. Chronic dermal exposure, compounded by frequent daily application, raises concerns of metal bioaccumulation and associated neurotoxicity. Comparative modeling suggests that adopting EU-compliant limits could potentially reduce exposure risks by over 90%. These findings highlight the urgent need for regulatory reforms, pre-market heavy metal screening, and consumer awareness initiatives in Nigeria. Further research focusing on metal speciation and bioavailability is recommended to enhance future risk assessment models.

Keywords

Analytical Chemistry, Chemometric Risk Assessment, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Cosmetic Toxicology, regulatory compliance, Heavy Metal Analysis

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References

Karwowski, J. K., & Anderson, R. L. (2025). Emerging contaminants in cosmetic products and their public health implications in West Africa. Environmental Health Perspectives, 133(4), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12345
Lim, J. H., Roh, H. Y., & Kim, H. S. (2024). Literature Review on Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 33(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2024.33.1.1.
Abubakar, M. A., & Hassan, S. (2024). Beyond glamour: A critical analysis of heavy metals in cosmetics and their health effects. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 27(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.51405/ajbr.v27i1.2826
Bocca, B., Pino, A., & Alimonti, A. (2022). Biomarkers of exposure and effect in human biomonitoring of metal-based nanomaterials: Their use in primary prevention and health surveillance. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 33(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2023.2301692
Uche, G. G., Nnorom, I. C., & Ogbuagu, A. K. (2023). Assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics marketed in Abia State, Nigeria: A health risk perspective. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 48(2), 406–413.
Adebayo, M. O., Adebisi, J. A., Lawal, O. O., & Omotosho, O. A. (2017). Heavy metal content of selected personal care products (PCPs) available in Ibadan, Nigeria and their toxic effects. Environmental Health and Toxicology, 32, e2017004. https://doi.org/10.5620/eht.2017.32.e2017004
Adepoju-Bello, A. A., Alabi, O. M., Ogunsanya, O. O., Adebisi, R. A., Okpala, N., & Coker, H. A. B. (2012). Evaluation of the concentration of metals in cosmetic products in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(97), 16360–16364. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.1411
Ajibola, V. O., & Adeniyi, A. O. (2015). Spectrophotometric determination of heavy metals in cosmetics sourced from Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. Science World Journal, 10(3), 1–5.
Al-Dayel, O., Hefne, J., & Al-Ajyan, T. (2011). Human exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 27(1), 1–11.
Al-Saleh, I., Al-Enazi, S., & Shinwari, N. (2013). Assessment of lead, cadmium, and mercury in cosmetic products. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2013, Article 642792. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/642792
Attard, T., & Attard, E. (2021). Heavy metals in cosmetics. In Cosmetics - Products, Applications and Toxicology (pp. 37–56). IntechOpen.
Ayenimo, J. G., Yusuf, A. M., Adekunle, A. S., & Makinde, O. W. (2010). Heavy metal exposure from personal care product. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 84(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9867-5.
Bocca, B., Forte, G., Petrucci, F., & Cristaudo, A. (2007). Levels of nickel and other potentially allergenic metals in Ni-tested commercial body creams. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 44(1), 1197–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.027.
Chukwuma, C. U., & Ezeogu, L. I. (2017). Heavy metal assessment of some eye shadow products imported into Nigeria from China. Scholars Research Library: Archives of Applied Science Research, 9(3), 1–7.
Dean, J. R., Deary, M. E., Gbefa, B. K., & Scott, W. C. (2004). Characterisation and analysis of persistent organic pollutants and major, minor and trace elements in Calabash chalk. Chemosphere, 57(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.05.019.
Etonihu, A. C., Kigbu, P. E., & Odoh, C. O. (2020). A study of toxic metal contents in selected cosmetics in the Federal Capital Territory and products safety regulations in Nigeria. Continental Journal of Applied Sciences, 15(2), 1–9.
European Union. (2009). Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products. Official Journal of the European Union, L 342, 59–209. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02009R1223-20190813.
Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). (2012). Opinion on heavy metals in cosmetic products. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees.
El-Aziz, N. H., El-Feky, A. A., & Farag, R. S. (2017). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics: A review. Journal of Advanced Research, 8(3), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.01.001.
Hamna, M., Ahmed, T., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Dermal exposure risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetic products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(21), 26775–26785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09038-y.
Achary, M. S., Satpathy, K. K., & Panigrahi, S. (2016). Heavy metal contamination in cosmetics: A review. Journal of Environmental Protection, 7(8), 1133–1145. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2016.78101.
S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2011). Risk assessment guidance for dermal exposure (RAGS). https://www.epa.gov/risk.
Liu, S., Hammond, S. K., & Rojas-Cheatham, A. (2013). Concentrations and potential health risks of metals in lip products. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(6), 705–710. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205518.
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). (2007). Chemical assessment summary for lead and cadmium. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=277.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Heavy metals background document (3rd ed.). WHO Press.
German Commission for Cosmetics. (2007). Guidelines on the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR). https://www.bfr.bund.de.
Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2007). Safety assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics. Cosmetic Ingredient Review. https://www.cir-safety.org.
European Commission. (2009). Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products. Official Journal of the European Union, L 342, 59–209. https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Nnorom, I. C., Igwe, J. C., & Oji-Nnorom, C. G. (2005). Trace metal contents of facial (make-up) cosmetics used in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(10), 1133–1138. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000-3215
Health Canada. (2012). Draft guidance on heavy metal impurities in cosmetics. Health Canada.
Al-Ashban, R. M., Aslam, M., & Shah, A. H. (2004). Calabash chalk’s geophagia: A possible source of heavy metal poisoning. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 38(4), 432–435. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200404000-00015.
Orisakwe, O. E., & Otaraku, J. O. (2013). Metal concentrations in cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, Article 959637. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/959637.
Sainio, E. L., Jolanki, R., Hakala, E., & Kanerva, L. (2000). Metals and arsenic in eye shadows. Contact Dermatitis, 42(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.042001005.x
S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022). Risk assessment guidance for dermal exposure (RAGS). https://www.epa.gov/risk.
Koller, K., Brown, T., Spurgeon, A., & Levy, L. (2004). Recent developments in low-level lead exposure and intellectual impairment in children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(12), 987–994.
S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2010). Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). https://www.epa.gov/iris.
Volpe, M. G., Nazzaro, M., Coppola, R., Rapuano, F., & Aquino, R. P. (2012). Determination and assessments of selected heavy metals in eye shadow cosmetics from China, Italy, and USA. Microchemical Journal, 101, 65–69.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Heavy metals background document (4th ed.). WHO. https://www.who.int
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2020). IARC monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans. WHO Press. https://monographs.iarc.who.int.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2022). Heavy metals in cosmetics. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2021). Guidance on the safe use of chemicals in consumer products. ECHA. https://echa.europa.eu.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2019). NIOSH manual of analytical methods: Heavy metals analysis (5th ed.). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh.
Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). (2020). Opinion on heavy metals in cosmetic products. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2018). ISO 22716:2007 Cosmetics - Good manufacturing practices (GMP). ISO.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2022). Global chemicals outlook II: Heavy metals in consumer products. UNEP. https://www.unep.org
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2021). Guidance document on heavy metals in consumer products. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (2020). Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents. ACGIH.
Volpe, M. G., Nazzaro, M., Coppola, R., Rapuano, F., & Aquino, R. P. (2012). Determination and assessments of selected heavy metals in eye shadow cosmetics from China, Italy, and USA. Microchemical Journal, 101, 65–69.
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC)/Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON). (2023). Guidelines for cosmetic product safety in Nigeria. NAFDAC.
Omale, J., & Obafemi, M. O. (2020). Assessment of heavy metals in selected cosmetic products in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 45(1), 1-6.
Adejumo, A. O., & Adejumo, A. A. (2019). Evaluation of heavy metals in commonly used skin lightening creams in Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 22(4), 1-8.
Ziarati, P., Moghimi, S., Arbabi, B. S., & Qomi, M. (2012). Risk assessment of heavy metal contents (Lead and Cadmium) in lipsticks in Iran. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 3(5), 450-452.

How to cite this article

APA

Ngozi, V. E., Wirnkor, V. A., Victoria, E. C., Edewede, D. B., Ngozi, A. B., & Ndubuisi, I. G. (2026). Analytical Evaluation of heavy metals in eyeshadows: A Risk assessment and Implications for Public Health Regulatory Reforms in Nigeria. International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, 12(01).

MLA

Ngozi, Verla Evelyn, et al. “Analytical Evaluation of heavy metals in eyeshadows: A Risk assessment and Implications for Public Health Regulatory Reforms in Nigeria.” International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 01, 2026.

Chicago

Verla Evelyn Ngozi, Verla Andrew Wirnkor, Ekweogu Chinonye Victoria, Diagi Bridget Edewede, Aririguzo Bernadine Ngozi, and Iwuoha Godson Ndubuisi. “Analytical Evaluation of heavy metals in eyeshadows: A Risk assessment and Implications for Public Health Regulatory Reforms in Nigeria.” International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry 12, no. 01 (2026).

Vancouver

Ngozi VE, Wirnkor VA, Victoria EC, Edewede DB, Ngozi AB, Ndubuisi IG. Analytical Evaluation of heavy metals in eyeshadows: A Risk assessment and Implications for Public Health Regulatory Reforms in Nigeria. International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 2026;12(01).

BibTeX

@article{NgoziVE2026,
author = {Verla Evelyn Ngozi and Verla Andrew Wirnkor and Ekweogu Chinonye Victoria and Diagi Bridget Edewede and Aririguzo Bernadine Ngozi and Iwuoha Godson Ndubuisi},
title = {Analytical Evaluation of heavy metals  in eyeshadows: A Risk assessment and Implications for Public Health Regulatory Reforms in Nigeria},
journal = {International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry},
year = {2026},
volume = {12},
number = {01},
issn = {2582-5933},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijaac/article=23112}
}

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Abstract

Keywords

Analytical Chemistry, Chemometric Risk Assessment, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Cosmetic Toxicology, regulatory compliance, Heavy Metal Analysis

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Karwowski, J. K., & Anderson, R. L. (2025). Emerging contaminants in cosmetic products and their public health implications in West Africa. Environmental Health Perspectives, 133(4), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12345
Lim, J. H., Roh, H. Y., & Kim, H. S. (2024). Literature Review on Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 33(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2024.33.1.1.
Abubakar, M. A., & Hassan, S. (2024). Beyond glamour: A critical analysis of heavy metals in cosmetics and their health effects. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 27(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.51405/ajbr.v27i1.2826
Bocca, B., Pino, A., & Alimonti, A. (2022). Biomarkers of exposure and effect in human biomonitoring of metal-based nanomaterials: Their use in primary prevention and health surveillance. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 33(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2023.2301692
Uche, G. G., Nnorom, I. C., & Ogbuagu, A. K. (2023). Assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics marketed in Abia State, Nigeria: A health risk perspective. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 48(2), 406–413.
Adebayo, M. O., Adebisi, J. A., Lawal, O. O., & Omotosho, O. A. (2017). Heavy metal content of selected personal care products (PCPs) available in Ibadan, Nigeria and their toxic effects. Environmental Health and Toxicology, 32, e2017004. https://doi.org/10.5620/eht.2017.32.e2017004
Adepoju-Bello, A. A., Alabi, O. M., Ogunsanya, O. O., Adebisi, R. A., Okpala, N., & Coker, H. A. B. (2012). Evaluation of the concentration of metals in cosmetic products in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(97), 16360–16364. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.1411
Ajibola, V. O., & Adeniyi, A. O. (2015). Spectrophotometric determination of heavy metals in cosmetics sourced from Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. Science World Journal, 10(3), 1–5.
Al-Dayel, O., Hefne, J., & Al-Ajyan, T. (2011). Human exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 27(1), 1–11.
Al-Saleh, I., Al-Enazi, S., & Shinwari, N. (2013). Assessment of lead, cadmium, and mercury in cosmetic products. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2013, Article 642792. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/642792
Attard, T., & Attard, E. (2021). Heavy metals in cosmetics. In Cosmetics - Products, Applications and Toxicology (pp. 37–56). IntechOpen.
Ayenimo, J. G., Yusuf, A. M., Adekunle, A. S., & Makinde, O. W. (2010). Heavy metal exposure from personal care product. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 84(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9867-5.
Bocca, B., Forte, G., Petrucci, F., & Cristaudo, A. (2007). Levels of nickel and other potentially allergenic metals in Ni-tested commercial body creams. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 44(1), 1197–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.027.
Chukwuma, C. U., & Ezeogu, L. I. (2017). Heavy metal assessment of some eye shadow products imported into Nigeria from China. Scholars Research Library: Archives of Applied Science Research, 9(3), 1–7.
Dean, J. R., Deary, M. E., Gbefa, B. K., & Scott, W. C. (2004). Characterisation and analysis of persistent organic pollutants and major, minor and trace elements in Calabash chalk. Chemosphere, 57(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.05.019.
Etonihu, A. C., Kigbu, P. E., & Odoh, C. O. (2020). A study of toxic metal contents in selected cosmetics in the Federal Capital Territory and products safety regulations in Nigeria. Continental Journal of Applied Sciences, 15(2), 1–9.
European Union. (2009). Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products. Official Journal of the European Union, L 342, 59–209. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02009R1223-20190813.
Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). (2012). Opinion on heavy metals in cosmetic products. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees.
El-Aziz, N. H., El-Feky, A. A., & Farag, R. S. (2017). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics: A review. Journal of Advanced Research, 8(3), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.01.001.
Hamna, M., Ahmed, T., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Dermal exposure risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetic products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(21), 26775–26785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09038-y.
Achary, M. S., Satpathy, K. K., & Panigrahi, S. (2016). Heavy metal contamination in cosmetics: A review. Journal of Environmental Protection, 7(8), 1133–1145. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2016.78101.
S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2011). Risk assessment guidance for dermal exposure (RAGS). https://www.epa.gov/risk.
Liu, S., Hammond, S. K., & Rojas-Cheatham, A. (2013). Concentrations and potential health risks of metals in lip products. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(6), 705–710. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205518.
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). (2007). Chemical assessment summary for lead and cadmium. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=277.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Heavy metals background document (3rd ed.). WHO Press.
German Commission for Cosmetics. (2007). Guidelines on the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR). https://www.bfr.bund.de.
Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2007). Safety assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics. Cosmetic Ingredient Review. https://www.cir-safety.org.
European Commission. (2009). Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products. Official Journal of the European Union, L 342, 59–209. https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Nnorom, I. C., Igwe, J. C., & Oji-Nnorom, C. G. (2005). Trace metal contents of facial (make-up) cosmetics used in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(10), 1133–1138. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000-3215
Health Canada. (2012). Draft guidance on heavy metal impurities in cosmetics. Health Canada.
Al-Ashban, R. M., Aslam, M., & Shah, A. H. (2004). Calabash chalk’s geophagia: A possible source of heavy metal poisoning. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 38(4), 432–435. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200404000-00015.
Orisakwe, O. E., & Otaraku, J. O. (2013). Metal concentrations in cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, Article 959637. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/959637.
Sainio, E. L., Jolanki, R., Hakala, E., & Kanerva, L. (2000). Metals and arsenic in eye shadows. Contact Dermatitis, 42(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.042001005.x
S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022). Risk assessment guidance for dermal exposure (RAGS). https://www.epa.gov/risk.
Koller, K., Brown, T., Spurgeon, A., & Levy, L. (2004). Recent developments in low-level lead exposure and intellectual impairment in children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(12), 987–994.
S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2010). Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). https://www.epa.gov/iris.
Volpe, M. G., Nazzaro, M., Coppola, R., Rapuano, F., & Aquino, R. P. (2012). Determination and assessments of selected heavy metals in eye shadow cosmetics from China, Italy, and USA. Microchemical Journal, 101, 65–69.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Heavy metals background document (4th ed.). WHO. https://www.who.int
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2020). IARC monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans. WHO Press. https://monographs.iarc.who.int.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2022). Heavy metals in cosmetics. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2021). Guidance on the safe use of chemicals in consumer products. ECHA. https://echa.europa.eu.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2019). NIOSH manual of analytical methods: Heavy metals analysis (5th ed.). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh.
Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). (2020). Opinion on heavy metals in cosmetic products. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2018). ISO 22716:2007 Cosmetics - Good manufacturing practices (GMP). ISO.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2022). Global chemicals outlook II: Heavy metals in consumer products. UNEP. https://www.unep.org
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2021). Guidance document on heavy metals in consumer products. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (2020). Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents. ACGIH.
Volpe, M. G., Nazzaro, M., Coppola, R., Rapuano, F., & Aquino, R. P. (2012). Determination and assessments of selected heavy metals in eye shadow cosmetics from China, Italy, and USA. Microchemical Journal, 101, 65–69.
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC)/Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON). (2023). Guidelines for cosmetic product safety in Nigeria. NAFDAC.
Omale, J., & Obafemi, M. O. (2020). Assessment of heavy metals in selected cosmetic products in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 45(1), 1-6.
Adejumo, A. O., & Adejumo, A. A. (2019). Evaluation of heavy metals in commonly used skin lightening creams in Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 22(4), 1-8.
Ziarati, P., Moghimi, S., Arbabi, B. S., & Qomi, M. (2012). Risk assessment of heavy metal contents (Lead and Cadmium) in lipsticks in Iran. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 3(5), 450-452.

How to cite this article

APA

MLA

Chicago

Vancouver

BibTeX

@article{NgoziVE2026,
author = {Verla Evelyn Ngozi and Verla Andrew Wirnkor and Ekweogu Chinonye Victoria and Diagi Bridget Edewede and Aririguzo Bernadine Ngozi and Iwuoha Godson Ndubuisi},
title = {Analytical Evaluation of heavy metals  in eyeshadows: A Risk assessment and Implications for Public Health Regulatory Reforms in Nigeria},
journal = {International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry},
year = {2026},
volume = {12},
number = {01},
issn = {2582-5933},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijaac/article=23112}
}

Abstract

Keywords

Analytical Chemistry, Chemometric Risk Assessment, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Cosmetic Toxicology, regulatory compliance, Heavy Metal Analysis

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Karwowski, J. K., & Anderson, R. L. (2025). Emerging contaminants in cosmetic products and their public health implications in West Africa. Environmental Health Perspectives, 133(4), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12345
Lim, J. H., Roh, H. Y., & Kim, H. S. (2024). Literature Review on Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 33(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2024.33.1.1.
Abubakar, M. A., & Hassan, S. (2024). Beyond glamour: A critical analysis of heavy metals in cosmetics and their health effects. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 27(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.51405/ajbr.v27i1.2826
Bocca, B., Pino, A., & Alimonti, A. (2022). Biomarkers of exposure and effect in human biomonitoring of metal-based nanomaterials: Their use in primary prevention and health surveillance. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 33(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2023.2301692
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@article{NgoziVE2026,
author = {Verla Evelyn Ngozi and Verla Andrew Wirnkor and Ekweogu Chinonye Victoria and Diagi Bridget Edewede and Aririguzo Bernadine Ngozi and Iwuoha Godson Ndubuisi},
title = {Analytical Evaluation of heavy metals  in eyeshadows: A Risk assessment and Implications for Public Health Regulatory Reforms in Nigeria},
journal = {International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry},
year = {2026},
volume = {12},
number = {01},
issn = {2582-5933},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijaac/article=23112}
}

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