Organic synthesis can be classified into many types, including simple one-step synthesis, multi-step, one-pot, microwave, or green synthesis. Each type of synthesis takes place through a specific pathway depending on reactants involved, the reaction conditions, the catalyst, the protection group, and the duration of the reaction. In some cases, the required compound can be prepared by more than one procedure, and an expert chemist prefers the procedure by which the product is obtained in comparatively good yield, low cost, and no by-products. This chapter introduces some experiments of the synthesis of some important organic compounds, some of which are known medicines, from comparatively cheap reactants and under safe reaction conditions. The reaction pathways of some of the reactions are well described. Some of these reactions involve cycle formation, where a small molecule is eliminated, furnishing the final product. Some other reactions involve the use of two solvents different in polarity as in solvent extraction experiment described in Chapter 4, where the organic compound tends to migrate to its suitable solvent, leaving the other solvent in which it is sparingly soluble, Also, in this chapter, almost each type of a specific organic chemical reaction is applied in the synthesis of a desired product, depending on its composition.

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1. Williamson KL, Minard RD. Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments. 7th ed. Boston (MA): Cengage Learning; 2016.
2. Mayo DW, Pike RM, Forbes DC. Microscale Organic Laboratory: With Multistep and Multiscale Syntheses. 6th ed. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
3. Storey RA, Ymén I. Solid State Characterization of Pharmaceuticals. 1st ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.
4. Pearson DE, Burton DJ. The mechanism of the oximation of ketones. J Org Chem. 1959;24(5):696–700.
5. O’Neil MJ, editor. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 15th ed. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2013.
6. Furniss BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG, Tatchell AR. Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. 5th ed. Harlow: Longman Scientific & Technical; 1989.
7. Williamson KL, Masters KM. Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2016.
8. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS, Engel RG. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach. 6th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2018.
9. Mayo DW, Pike RM, Forbes DC. Microscale Organic Laboratory: With Multistep and Multiscale Syntheses. 6th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2011.
10. Carey FA, Giuliano RM. Organic Chemistry. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2017.
11. Clayden J, Greeves N, Warren S. Organic Chemistry. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
12. Smith MB. March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. 8th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2020.
13. Anastas PT, Warner JC. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998.
14. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP-NF). Rockville (MD): USP Convention; Latest edition.

Organic synthesis can be classified into many types, including simple one-step synthesis, multi-step, one-pot, microwave, or green synthesis. Each type of synthesis takes place through a specific pathway depending on reactants involved, the reaction conditions, the catalyst, the protection group, and the duration of the reaction. In some cases, the required compound can be prepared by more than one procedure, and an expert chemist prefers the procedure by which the product is obtained in comparatively good yield, low cost, and no by-products. This chapter introduces some experiments of the synthesis of some important organic compounds, some of which are known medicines, from comparatively cheap reactants and under safe reaction conditions. The reaction pathways of some of the reactions are well described. Some of these reactions involve cycle formation, where a small molecule is eliminated, furnishing the final product. Some other reactions involve the use of two solvents different in polarity as in solvent extraction experiment described in Chapter 4, where the organic compound tends to migrate to its suitable solvent, leaving the other solvent in which it is sparingly soluble, Also, in this chapter, almost each type of a specific organic chemical reaction is applied in the synthesis of a desired product, depending on its composition.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Williamson KL, Minard RD. Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments. 7th ed. Boston (MA): Cengage Learning; 2016.
2. Mayo DW, Pike RM, Forbes DC. Microscale Organic Laboratory: With Multistep and Multiscale Syntheses. 6th ed. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
3. Storey RA, Ymén I. Solid State Characterization of Pharmaceuticals. 1st ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.
4. Pearson DE, Burton DJ. The mechanism of the oximation of ketones. J Org Chem. 1959;24(5):696–700.
5. O’Neil MJ, editor. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 15th ed. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2013.
6. Furniss BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG, Tatchell AR. Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. 5th ed. Harlow: Longman Scientific & Technical; 1989.
7. Williamson KL, Masters KM. Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2016.
8. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS, Engel RG. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach. 6th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2018.
9. Mayo DW, Pike RM, Forbes DC. Microscale Organic Laboratory: With Multistep and Multiscale Syntheses. 6th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2011.
10. Carey FA, Giuliano RM. Organic Chemistry. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2017.
11. Clayden J, Greeves N, Warren S. Organic Chemistry. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
12. Smith MB. March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. 8th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2020.
13. Anastas PT, Warner JC. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998.
14. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP-NF). Rockville (MD): USP Convention; Latest edition.