By: Aditi Arvi
Student, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Cell culture technologies have become integral to animal biotechnology, enabling the in vitro study of cellular behaviors, disease mechanisms, and the development of therapeutic solutions. These technologies are foundational for advancements in drug discovery, gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and vaccine production. Over recent decades, innovations in culture media, bioreactor systems, and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have significantly enhanced the efficiency and reproducibility of cell-based research. Serum-free and chemically defined media have reduced variability and improved scalability, particularly in biomanufacturing. Bioreactor advancements, including single-use systems and real-time monitoring technologies, have optimized large-scale cell culture for therapeutic protein production. Furthermore, 3D cultures systems have offered more physiologically accurate models for drug testing, disease modeling, and cancer research, providing a closer representation of in vivo conditions than traditional 2D cultures. The use of CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene-editing technologies has significantly accelerated progress, allowing for precise genetic alterations in animal cells for both research and therapeutic purposes. These innovations have led to significant strides in producing biologics, cell-based therapies, and vaccines, and have opened new avenues in personalized medicine. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including the scalability of intricate 3D models and ethical issues surrounding genetic manipulation. Despite these hurdles, the continuous evolution of cell culture technologies promises to play a pivotal role in advancing biotechnology and improving healthcare, with potential for transformative impacts in the pharmaceutical, regenerative medicine, and biotechnology industries. This review explores the latest developments in cell culture systems and their applications, highlighting both current successes and emerging trends.
Keywords: Â Animal cell cultures, CRISPR/Cas9, gene-editing, serum-free, vaccines
Citation:
Refrences:
- Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue Eng. Sci. 1993 May 14;260(5110):920–6.
- Freshney RI. Culture of animal cells: A manual of basic technique and specialized applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2015 Dec 23.
- Gstraunthaler G. Alternatives to the use of fetal bovine serum: Serum-free cell culture. ALTEX-Alternatives to animal experimentation. 2003 Nov 1;20(4):275–81.
- Brunner D, Frank J, Appl H, Schöffl H, Pfaller W, Gstraunthaler G. The serum-free media interactive online database. ALTEX-Alternatives to animal experimentation. 2010 Feb 1;27(1):53–62.
- Ozturk S, Hu WS, editors. Cell culture technology for pharmaceutical and cell-based therapies. CRC press; 2005 Aug 30.
- Bittencourt DM, Oliveira P, Michalczechen-Lacerda VA, Rosinha GM, Jones JA, Rech EL. Bioengineering of spider silks for the production of biomedical materials. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2022 Aug 9;10:958486.
- Ravi M, Paramesh V, Kaviya SR, Anuradha E, Solomon FP. 3D cell culture systems: Advantages and applications. J.cell physiol. 2015 Jan;230(1):16–26.
- Takemoto K. Habitat variability does not generally promote metabolic network modularity in flies and mammals. Biosystems. 2016 Jan 1;139:46–54.
- Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, Lin S, Barretto R, Habib Net al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):819–23.
- Doudna JA, Charpentier E. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science. 2014 Nov 28;346(6213):1258096.
- Eder A, Vollert I, Hansen A, Eschenhagen T. Human engineered heart tissue as a model system for drug testing. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2016 Jan 15; 96:214–24.
- Liao S, Chan CK, Ramakrishna S. Stem cells and biomimetic materials strategies for tissue engineering. Mater Sci and Eng: C. 2008 Dec 1;28(8):1189–202.
- Duggal A& SchmittM. Gene therapies using CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Molecular Therapy, 28(1):65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.09.010
- Edmondson R, Broglie JJ, Adcock AF, Yang L. Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors. Assay and drug development technologies. 2014 May 1;12(4):207–18.
- Fitzgerald KA, Malhotra M, Curtin CM, O’Brien FJ, O’Driscoll CM. Life in 3D is never flat: 3D models to optimise drug delivery. JCR. 2015 Oct 10; 215:39–54.
- Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, Lin S, Barretto R, Habib Net al. . Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):819–23.
- Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F. Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell. 2014 Jun 5.157(6):1262–78.
- Sun X, Altalhi W, Nunes SS. Vascularization strategies of engineered tissues and their application in cardiac regeneration. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2016 Jan 15; 96:183–94.
- Jayme DW, Smith SR. Media formulation options and manufacturing process controls to safeguard against introduction of animal origin contaminants in animal cell culture. Cytotechnology. 2000 Jul;33(1):27–36.
- Breslin S, O’Driscoll L. Three-dimensional cell culture: the missing link in drug discovery. Drug discovery today. 2013 Mar 1;18(5-6):240–9.
- Langhans SA. Three-dimensional in vitro cell culture models in drug discovery and drug repositioning. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2018 Jan 23;9–6p.
