The adoption of advanced reproductive technologies (ARTs) in subsistence dairy farming remains limited despite their potential to enhance genetic improvement, fertility rates, and overall productivity. This study explores the key constraints hindering the integration of ARTs, including artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and ovulation synchronization, within small-scale dairy production systems. Financial constraints, lack of awareness, inadequate veterinary support, and socio-cultural resistance are identified as primary barriers. Limited access to affordable credit, high costs of reproductive inputs, and weak market linkages discourage investment in ARTs. Additionally, infrastructural deficiencies, such as inadequate cold storage for semen preservation, unreliable veterinary services, and poor transportation networks, further impede adoption. Socio-cultural beliefs and traditional breeding preferences often deter farmers from embracing modern reproductive practices, while policy gaps, weak institutional support, and insufficient farmer training exacerbate the challenges. Environmental factors, including heat stress and seasonal variations, further influence reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. Addressing these constraints requires a multifaceted approach, including financial incentives, capacity-building programs, strengthened veterinary extension services, and the development of localized, low-cost reproductive technologies. The study underscores the need for integrated policies and stakeholder collaboration to facilitate ART adoption, thereby improving the sustainability and productivity of subsistence dairy farming systems.

Keywords: Adoption, constraints, dairy farming, reproductive technologies, smallholder, subsistence,
sustainability

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