There is a huge requirement for installing EV chargers all over the globe since the depletion of fossil fuels which are edging. There is a need to find alternative advanced converter to boost the output from PV. The solar energy is the recomended alternative energy to generate electrical enegy without any pollution. Also, In the present scenario, we need to go for Scalable & Sustainable Electric Vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure for the fast adoption of Evs. EV charging can be a true zero-net emission solution only if it is powered by solar or other renewable sources of energy. In this paper the main focus is to develop a efficient EV charging system which can contribute for achieving a zero pollution in the environment. The main focus of this paper is to develop an effective charging system for EV which contributes a crucial role in achieving a pollution free future. A Luo converter is used to enhance the PV output voltage thereby lessening the number of PV panels used. The proposed converter exhibits the benefits like excellent efficiency, lesser voltage stress and high conversion range. The operation of the proposed converter is regulated with the aid of Lion Grey Wolf Optimized Proportional Integral (LGWO-PI) controller which significantly strengthens the converter operation in terms of settling time, total harmonic distortion (THD) and peak overshoot. The obtained converter output energizes the Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDC) motor of EV after its conversion to AC form by a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). A conventional PI controller is used for the effective speed control of BLDC motor. At times of power unavailability from PV systems, a VSI fed grid is used to energize the BLDC motor. On the whole, the complete charging setup provides a constant power supply for EVs. The presented work is simulated using MATLAB and the outputs indicate the enhanced functioning of the charging system. Comparisons are carried out with existing converters and control approaches in which the proposed system delivers a reduced THD of 2.1% and an optimal efficiency of 97.6%.

Keywords: PV system; Luo converter; LGWO-PI controller; BLDC motor; PI controller; single phase VSI; three phase VSI. EV charging

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1. Fahd, Alturki, A, Omotoso, HO, Al-Shamma’a, AA, Farh, HMH & Alsharabi, K 2020, ‘Novel manta rays foraging optimization algorithm based optimal control for grid-connected PV energy system," inIEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 187276–187290.
2. Forouzesh, M, Shen,Y, Yari, K, Siwakoti, YP & Blaabjerg, F, 2018, ‘High-Efficiency High Step-Up DC–DC Converter With Dual Coupled Inductors for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 5967-5982.
3. Hadi Givi, Ebrahim Farjah & Teymoor Ghanbari 2019,’A Comprehensive Monitoring System for Online Fault Diagnosis and Aging Detection of Non-Isolated DC–DC Converters Components’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 6858-6875.
4. Hong, SW, Park, SH, Kong, TH & Cho, GH 2015, ‘Inverting Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter for Mobile AMOLED Display Using Real-Time Self-Tuned Minimum Power-Loss Tracking (MPLT) Scheme with Lossless Soft-Switching for Discontinuous Conduction Mode’, inIEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 2380-2393.
5. Hongjun Su, Qian Du, Genshe Chen & Peijun Du 2014, ‘Optimized Hyperspectral Band Selection Using Particle Swarm Optimization’, inIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2659-2670.
6. Houqing Wang, Weimin Wu, Yunwei Li & Frede Blaabjerg 2019, ‘A Coupled-Inductor-Based Buck–Boost AC–DC Converter With Balanced DC Output Voltages’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 151-159.
7. Huang, AQ 2017, ‘Power Semiconductor Devices for Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Systems’, inProceedings of the IEEE, vol. 105, no. 11, pp. 2019-2047.
8. Jia-Jia Jiang, Wen-Xue Wei, Wan-Lu Shao, Yu-Feng Liang & Yuan-Yuan Qu 2021, ‘Research on Large-Scale Bi-Level Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm’, inIEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 56364-56375.
9. Jian Gao, Litao Dai & Wenjuan Zhang 2018, ‘Improved genetic optimization algorithm with subdomain model for multi-objective optimal design of SPMSM’, inCES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 160-165.
10. Jin Hwan Lee, Jong-Wook Kim, Jun-Young Song, Yong-Jae Kim & Sang-Yong Jung 2016, ‘A Novel Memetic Algorithm Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization and Mesh Adaptive Direct Search for PMSM Design’, inIEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1-4.
11. Jin, C, Sheng, X & Ghosh, P 2014, ‘Optimized Electric Vehicle Charging With Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources’, in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1063-1072.
12. Julio Cezar dos Santos de Morais, JL, de Morais, ds & Gules, R 2019, ‘Photovoltaic AC module based on a cuk converter with a switched-inductor structure," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 3881–3890.
13. Jun Sun, Vasile Palade, Xiaojun Wu & Wei Fang 2014, ‘Multiple Sequence Alignment with Hidden Markov Models Learned by Random Drift Particle Swarm Optimization’, inIEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 243-257.
14. Jwu-Sheng Hu, Jau-Nan Lin & Hung-Chi Chen 2017, ‘A Discontinuous Space Vector PWM Algorithm in abc Reference Frame for Multilevel Three-Phase Cascaded H-Bridge Voltage Source Inverters’, inIEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 8406-8414.
15. Koroku Nishizawa, Jun-ichi Itoh, Akihiro Odaka, Akio Toba & Hidetoshi Umida, 2019, ‘Current Harmonic Reduction Based on Space Vector PWM for DC-Link Capacitors in Three-Phase VSIs Operating Over a Wide Range of Power Factor’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 4853-4867.
16. Kuo-Chun Wu, Hung-Hsien Wu & Chia-Ling Wei 2015, ‘Analysis and Design of Mixed-Mode Operation for Noninverting Buck–Boost DC–DC Converters’, inIEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 1194-1198.
17. Mehnaz Akhter Khan, Adeeb Ahmed, Iqbal Husain, Yilmaz Sozer & Mohamed Badawy, 2015, ‘Performance Analysis of Bidirectional DC–DC Converters for Electric Vehicles’, inIEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 3442-3452.
18. Mohamad Reza Banaei & Sajad Ghabeli Sani 2018, ‘Analysis and Implementation of a New SEPIC-Based Single-Switch Buck–Boost DC–DC Converter With Continuous Input Current’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 10317-10325.
19. Mohammad Reza Banaei & Hossein Ajdar Faeghi Bonab, 2017, ‘A Novel Structure for Single-Switch Nonisolated Transformerless Buck–Boost DC–DC Converter’, inIEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 198-205.
20. Mohan, V, Singh, JG & Ongsakul, W 2016, ‘Sortino ratio based portfolio optimization considering EVs and renewable energy in microgrid power market’,in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 219-229.
21. Mosaad, MI, Ramadan, HSM, Aljohani, M, El-Naggar, MF & Ghoneim, SSM 2021, ‘Near-optimal PI controllers of STATCOM for efficient hybrid renewable power system," inIEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 34119–34130.
22. Mosaddek Hossain Kamal Tushar, Adel W, Zeineddine & Chadi Assi, 2018, ‘Demand-Side Management by Regulating Charging and Discharging of the EV, ESS, and Utilizing Renewable Energy’, inIEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 117-126
23. Niraj Rana & Banerjee, S 2020, ‘Development of an improved input-parallel output-series buck-boost converter and its closed-loop control’, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 6428–6438.
24. Oier Onederra, nigo Kortabarria, nigo Martınez de Alegrıa, Jon Andreu & Jose Ignacio Garate 2017, ‘Three-Phase VSI Optimal Switching Loss Reduction Using Variable Switching Frequency’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 6570-6576.
25. Peng Hou, Guangya Yang, Junjie Hu & Philip, Douglass, J 2020, ‘A Network-Constrained Rolling Transactive Energy Model for EV Aggregators Participating in Balancing Market’, inIEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 47720-47729.

There is a huge requirement for installing EV chargers all over the globe since the depletion of fossil fuels which are edging. There is a need to find alternative advanced converter to boost the output from PV. The solar energy is the recomended alternative energy to generate electrical enegy without any pollution. Also, In the present scenario, we need to go for Scalable & Sustainable Electric Vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure for the fast adoption of Evs. EV charging can be a true zero-net emission solution only if it is powered by solar or other renewable sources of energy. In this paper the main focus is to develop a efficient EV charging system which can contribute for achieving a zero pollution in the environment. The main focus of this paper is to develop an effective charging system for EV which contributes a crucial role in achieving a pollution free future. A Luo converter is used to enhance the PV output voltage thereby lessening the number of PV panels used. The proposed converter exhibits the benefits like excellent efficiency, lesser voltage stress and high conversion range. The operation of the proposed converter is regulated with the aid of Lion Grey Wolf Optimized Proportional Integral (LGWO-PI) controller which significantly strengthens the converter operation in terms of settling time, total harmonic distortion (THD) and peak overshoot. The obtained converter output energizes the Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDC) motor of EV after its conversion to AC form by a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). A conventional PI controller is used for the effective speed control of BLDC motor. At times of power unavailability from PV systems, a VSI fed grid is used to energize the BLDC motor. On the whole, the complete charging setup provides a constant power supply for EVs. The presented work is simulated using MATLAB and the outputs indicate the enhanced functioning of the charging system. Comparisons are carried out with existing converters and control approaches in which the proposed system delivers a reduced THD of 2.1% and an optimal efficiency of 97.6%.

Keywords: PV system; Luo converter; LGWO-PI controller; BLDC motor; PI controller; single phase VSI; three phase VSI. EV charging

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Fahd, Alturki, A, Omotoso, HO, Al-Shamma’a, AA, Farh, HMH & Alsharabi, K 2020, ‘Novel manta rays foraging optimization algorithm based optimal control for grid-connected PV energy system," inIEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 187276–187290.
2. Forouzesh, M, Shen,Y, Yari, K, Siwakoti, YP & Blaabjerg, F, 2018, ‘High-Efficiency High Step-Up DC–DC Converter With Dual Coupled Inductors for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 5967-5982.
3. Hadi Givi, Ebrahim Farjah & Teymoor Ghanbari 2019,’A Comprehensive Monitoring System for Online Fault Diagnosis and Aging Detection of Non-Isolated DC–DC Converters Components’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 6858-6875.
4. Hong, SW, Park, SH, Kong, TH & Cho, GH 2015, ‘Inverting Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter for Mobile AMOLED Display Using Real-Time Self-Tuned Minimum Power-Loss Tracking (MPLT) Scheme with Lossless Soft-Switching for Discontinuous Conduction Mode’, inIEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 2380-2393.
5. Hongjun Su, Qian Du, Genshe Chen & Peijun Du 2014, ‘Optimized Hyperspectral Band Selection Using Particle Swarm Optimization’, inIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2659-2670.
6. Houqing Wang, Weimin Wu, Yunwei Li & Frede Blaabjerg 2019, ‘A Coupled-Inductor-Based Buck–Boost AC–DC Converter With Balanced DC Output Voltages’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 151-159.
7. Huang, AQ 2017, ‘Power Semiconductor Devices for Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Systems’, inProceedings of the IEEE, vol. 105, no. 11, pp. 2019-2047.
8. Jia-Jia Jiang, Wen-Xue Wei, Wan-Lu Shao, Yu-Feng Liang & Yuan-Yuan Qu 2021, ‘Research on Large-Scale Bi-Level Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm’, inIEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 56364-56375.
9. Jian Gao, Litao Dai & Wenjuan Zhang 2018, ‘Improved genetic optimization algorithm with subdomain model for multi-objective optimal design of SPMSM’, inCES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 160-165.
10. Jin Hwan Lee, Jong-Wook Kim, Jun-Young Song, Yong-Jae Kim & Sang-Yong Jung 2016, ‘A Novel Memetic Algorithm Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization and Mesh Adaptive Direct Search for PMSM Design’, inIEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1-4.
11. Jin, C, Sheng, X & Ghosh, P 2014, ‘Optimized Electric Vehicle Charging With Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources’, in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1063-1072.
12. Julio Cezar dos Santos de Morais, JL, de Morais, ds & Gules, R 2019, ‘Photovoltaic AC module based on a cuk converter with a switched-inductor structure," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 3881–3890.
13. Jun Sun, Vasile Palade, Xiaojun Wu & Wei Fang 2014, ‘Multiple Sequence Alignment with Hidden Markov Models Learned by Random Drift Particle Swarm Optimization’, inIEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 243-257.
14. Jwu-Sheng Hu, Jau-Nan Lin & Hung-Chi Chen 2017, ‘A Discontinuous Space Vector PWM Algorithm in abc Reference Frame for Multilevel Three-Phase Cascaded H-Bridge Voltage Source Inverters’, inIEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 8406-8414.
15. Koroku Nishizawa, Jun-ichi Itoh, Akihiro Odaka, Akio Toba & Hidetoshi Umida, 2019, ‘Current Harmonic Reduction Based on Space Vector PWM for DC-Link Capacitors in Three-Phase VSIs Operating Over a Wide Range of Power Factor’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 4853-4867.
16. Kuo-Chun Wu, Hung-Hsien Wu & Chia-Ling Wei 2015, ‘Analysis and Design of Mixed-Mode Operation for Noninverting Buck–Boost DC–DC Converters’, inIEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 1194-1198.
17. Mehnaz Akhter Khan, Adeeb Ahmed, Iqbal Husain, Yilmaz Sozer & Mohamed Badawy, 2015, ‘Performance Analysis of Bidirectional DC–DC Converters for Electric Vehicles’, inIEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 3442-3452.
18. Mohamad Reza Banaei & Sajad Ghabeli Sani 2018, ‘Analysis and Implementation of a New SEPIC-Based Single-Switch Buck–Boost DC–DC Converter With Continuous Input Current’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 10317-10325.
19. Mohammad Reza Banaei & Hossein Ajdar Faeghi Bonab, 2017, ‘A Novel Structure for Single-Switch Nonisolated Transformerless Buck–Boost DC–DC Converter’, inIEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 198-205.
20. Mohan, V, Singh, JG & Ongsakul, W 2016, ‘Sortino ratio based portfolio optimization considering EVs and renewable energy in microgrid power market’,in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 219-229.
21. Mosaad, MI, Ramadan, HSM, Aljohani, M, El-Naggar, MF & Ghoneim, SSM 2021, ‘Near-optimal PI controllers of STATCOM for efficient hybrid renewable power system," inIEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 34119–34130.
22. Mosaddek Hossain Kamal Tushar, Adel W, Zeineddine & Chadi Assi, 2018, ‘Demand-Side Management by Regulating Charging and Discharging of the EV, ESS, and Utilizing Renewable Energy’, inIEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 117-126
23. Niraj Rana & Banerjee, S 2020, ‘Development of an improved input-parallel output-series buck-boost converter and its closed-loop control’, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 6428–6438.
24. Oier Onederra, nigo Kortabarria, nigo Martınez de Alegrıa, Jon Andreu & Jose Ignacio Garate 2017, ‘Three-Phase VSI Optimal Switching Loss Reduction Using Variable Switching Frequency’, inIEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 6570-6576.
25. Peng Hou, Guangya Yang, Junjie Hu & Philip, Douglass, J 2020, ‘A Network-Constrained Rolling Transactive Energy Model for EV Aggregators Participating in Balancing Market’, inIEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 47720-47729.