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By: MaratheVikas Ramchandra, Heena T Shaikh, and Dr. Kazi Kutubuddin Sayyad Liyakat
1 Department of E&TC Engineering, NBN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Solapur,
Maharashtra, India
2,3 Department of E&TC Engineering, Brahmdevdada Mane Institute of Technology, Solapur,
Maharashtra, India
We live in a world obsessed with measurement, and temperature is its most intimate metric. It is
the difference between a thriving processor and a melted core, between a stable chemical
reaction and a catastrophic one, between a comfortable home and an inhospitable one. For
decades, this measurement was the domain of mercury columns and bimetallic strips—physical,
analog, and stubbornly limited. Then came the silent revolution: the semiconductor temperature
sensor. Semiconductor technology has revolutionized the field of temperature sensing,
transitioning from bulky, imprecise instruments to compact, highly accurate, and versatile
devices. This paper explores the fundamental principles and diverse applications of
semiconductor-based temperature sensors. The core of these sensors lies in the temperature-
dependent electrical properties of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, germanium, and
gallium arsenide. Phenomena like the change in band gap energy, carrier concentration, and
resistivity with temperature are harnessed to create a range of sensing mechanisms. These
include Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs), Thermistors (Negative and Positive
Temperature Coefficient), and semiconductor diodes/transistors. The intrinsic advantages of
semiconductor sensors – including miniaturization, low cost, rapid response time, wide operating
temperature range, and ease of integration with electronic circuitry – have made them
indispensable across numerous sectors. From industrial automation and automotive systems to
medical devices and consumer electronics, semiconductor thermometry provides the critical data for process control, safety monitoring, and enhanced functionality. This paper will delve into the
underlying physics, explore key technological advancements, and survey the broad spectrum of
applications enabled by this transformative technology.
Keywords: Semiconductor, Sensor, Temperature sensor, NTC, PTC, RTD,
Citation:
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