The Sagrada Família, Antoni Gaudí’s magnum opus, stands as one of the most recognizable and symbolically rich architectural projects of the modern era. In stark contrast to the industrial ethos of Modernism – which emphasized functionality, minimalism, standardization, and mechanized aesthetics – Gaudí’s design embraces organic forms, intricate craftsmanship, and profound spiritual meaning. This paper examines how the Sagrada Família operates not only as a monumental religious structure but also as a critical response to the dominant principles of Modernist architecture. Through a detailed analysis of form, structure, materiality, and symbolism, the study highlights how Gaudí drew inspiration from natural geometries, employing biomimicry and complex spatial systems that challenge rigid, linear design approaches. The basilica’s sculptural facades, hyperboloid vaults, and tree-like columns reflect an architectural language rooted in nature rather than industrial repetition. Furthermore, Gaudí’s integration of light, color, and narrative elements transforms the building into an immersive spiritual experience, reinforcing a deeper connection between architecture and human emotion. The paper also explores the socio-cultural implications of Gaudí’s work, positioning the Sagrada Família as a bridge between traditional craftsmanship and innovative engineering. By prioritizing artisanal techniques and symbolic storytelling, Gaudí resists the depersonalization often associated with Modernist production methods. Ultimately, this research argues that the Sagrada Família presents an alternative architectural paradigm – one that re-establishes the relationship between built form, nature, and spirituality. In doing so, it challenges the perceived limitations of Modernism and redefines architecture as a holistic and expressive human endeavor.

Keywords: Antoni Gaudí, architecture, critique of modernism, curves, highly decorative, modernism, nature, organic architecture, organic form

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1. Moreno-Navarro AG. Antoni Gaudí, a lone wolf in European architecture. Catalan Historical Review. 2019;12:57–72.
2. Román CM. The Sagrada Familia by Antoni Gaudí. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili; 2012.
3. Wu R. Generating Gaudí: AI and creativity in design. The Morningside Review. 2022.
4. Zucker DB, Harris B. Antoni Gaudí, Sagrada Família. Smarthistory. 2015. Available from: https://smarthistory.org/gaudi-sagrada-familia/.
5. Gómez-Serrano J, Espel R, Grima R, Burry MC, Aguado A. Evolution of the formwork used in the Temple of the Sagrada Família. Int J Archit Herit. 2009;3(2):93–109.
6. Grima R, Gómez-Serrano J, Aguado A. The use of concrete in Gaudí’s Sagrada Familia. Int J Archit Herit. 2007;1(4):366–379.
7. Qiu H. Construction of Sagrada Família—building architecture and sacred space in the modern world. Commun Humanit Res. 2024;33(1):59–64.
8. Curti C. The “Sagrada Familia” of Gaudí: Communion of images and people. Int Visual Cult Rev. 2019;6:1–10.
9. Kiuntsli R, Stepaniuk A, Besaha I. Heterochrony of Gaudi’s architecture. Bull Lviv Natl Environ Univ Archit Constr. 2024;25:110–118.
10. Rose MS. Antoni Gaudi: God’s architect. Sacred Architecture Journal. 2003;4:1–6.
11. Akande D. La Sagrada Família: A testament of architectural ingenuity. Society of Architectural Historians. 2017.
12. Bassegoda Nonell J. El Gran Gaudí. Sabadell: Ausa; 1989.
13. Zerbst R. Gaudí: The Complete Works. Cologne: Taschen; 2005.
14. Crippa M. Antoni Gaudí 1852–1926: From Nature to Architecture. Cologne: Taschen; 2018.

The Sagrada Família, Antoni Gaudí’s magnum opus, stands as one of the most recognizable and symbolically rich architectural projects of the modern era. In stark contrast to the industrial ethos of Modernism – which emphasized functionality, minimalism, standardization, and mechanized aesthetics – Gaudí’s design embraces organic forms, intricate craftsmanship, and profound spiritual meaning. This paper examines how the Sagrada Família operates not only as a monumental religious structure but also as a critical response to the dominant principles of Modernist architecture. Through a detailed analysis of form, structure, materiality, and symbolism, the study highlights how Gaudí drew inspiration from natural geometries, employing biomimicry and complex spatial systems that challenge rigid, linear design approaches. The basilica’s sculptural facades, hyperboloid vaults, and tree-like columns reflect an architectural language rooted in nature rather than industrial repetition. Furthermore, Gaudí’s integration of light, color, and narrative elements transforms the building into an immersive spiritual experience, reinforcing a deeper connection between architecture and human emotion. The paper also explores the socio-cultural implications of Gaudí’s work, positioning the Sagrada Família as a bridge between traditional craftsmanship and innovative engineering. By prioritizing artisanal techniques and symbolic storytelling, Gaudí resists the depersonalization often associated with Modernist production methods. Ultimately, this research argues that the Sagrada Família presents an alternative architectural paradigm – one that re-establishes the relationship between built form, nature, and spirituality. In doing so, it challenges the perceived limitations of Modernism and redefines architecture as a holistic and expressive human endeavor.

Keywords: Antoni Gaudí, architecture, critique of modernism, curves, highly decorative, modernism, nature, organic architecture, organic form

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Moreno-Navarro AG. Antoni Gaudí, a lone wolf in European architecture. Catalan Historical Review. 2019;12:57–72.
2. Román CM. The Sagrada Familia by Antoni Gaudí. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili; 2012.
3. Wu R. Generating Gaudí: AI and creativity in design. The Morningside Review. 2022.
4. Zucker DB, Harris B. Antoni Gaudí, Sagrada Família. Smarthistory. 2015. Available from: https://smarthistory.org/gaudi-sagrada-familia/.
5. Gómez-Serrano J, Espel R, Grima R, Burry MC, Aguado A. Evolution of the formwork used in the Temple of the Sagrada Família. Int J Archit Herit. 2009;3(2):93–109.
6. Grima R, Gómez-Serrano J, Aguado A. The use of concrete in Gaudí’s Sagrada Familia. Int J Archit Herit. 2007;1(4):366–379.
7. Qiu H. Construction of Sagrada Família—building architecture and sacred space in the modern world. Commun Humanit Res. 2024;33(1):59–64.
8. Curti C. The “Sagrada Familia” of Gaudí: Communion of images and people. Int Visual Cult Rev. 2019;6:1–10.
9. Kiuntsli R, Stepaniuk A, Besaha I. Heterochrony of Gaudi’s architecture. Bull Lviv Natl Environ Univ Archit Constr. 2024;25:110–118.
10. Rose MS. Antoni Gaudi: God’s architect. Sacred Architecture Journal. 2003;4:1–6.
11. Akande D. La Sagrada Família: A testament of architectural ingenuity. Society of Architectural Historians. 2017.
12. Bassegoda Nonell J. El Gran Gaudí. Sabadell: Ausa; 1989.
13. Zerbst R. Gaudí: The Complete Works. Cologne: Taschen; 2005.
14. Crippa M. Antoni Gaudí 1852–1926: From Nature to Architecture. Cologne: Taschen; 2018.