Magnesium-based bulk metallic glasses (Mg-BMGs) combine strength, low density, and tunable degradability. Their amorphous matrix has a small plastic process zone. This zone is only about 4 μm wide. A small process zone keeps most glasses brittle. Adding a second phase is the best fix. This chapter extends Mg-BMGs to true composites. We call these Mg-based bulk metallic glass composites, or Mg- BMGCs. The chapter covers matrix engineering and interfacial control. It also covers processing routes and toughening physics. Biomedical performance data for monolithic glasses are kept too. Continuous porous-metal skeletons are infiltrated under gas pressure. In Mg66Zn30Ca3Sr1, this raises compressive strength from 407 to 500 MPa. Plastic strain rises from 0.02% to 0.2% too. Copper plating on the skeleton improves wetting. Infiltration depth grows from 5 mm to over 30 mm. Dispersed particles use a different toughening route. TiB2 additions push fracture strength above 1.3 GPa. Plastic strain reaches 3.2% in these composites. Cu-coated SiC particles raise strength past 1.1 GPa. They work by blunting sharp particle corners. Porous NiTi dispersoids add a 12% strength gain. They also act as a corrosion barrier in Hank’s solution. The Halpin–Tsai model predicts composite modulus correctly. The simple rule of mixtures does not. The Mohr–Coulomb criterion explains the 41° shear angle seen here. A composition-only machine-learning model also predicts glass transition temperature well. Magnesium emerges as its single strongest elemental predictor. Matrix design and reinforcement design now work together. Together they push Mg-BMGs toward load-bearing implants.

Keywords:Bulk metallic glass composite, matrix engineering, interfacial wetting, shear band propagation, toughening mechanisms, pressure infiltration, machine learning

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1. Klement W, Willens RH, Duwez P. Non-crystalline structure in solidified gold-silicon alloys. Nature. 1960;187:869–870.
2. Inoue A, Zhang T, Masumoto T. Mg-Cu-Y amorphous alloys with high mechanical strengths produced by a metallic mold casting method. Mater Trans JIM. 1991;32:609–616.
3. Inoue A. Stabilization of metallic supercooled liquid and bulk amorphous alloys. Acta Mater. 2000;48:279–306.
4. Inoue A, Takeuchi A. Recent development and application products of bulk glassy alloys. Acta Mater. 2011;59:2243–2267.
5. Wang WH, Dong C, Shek CH. Bulk metallic glasses. Mater Sci Eng R. 2004;44:45–89.
6. Johnson WL. Bulk glass-forming metallic alloys: Science and technology. MRS Bull. 1999;24:42– 56.
7. Greer A. Metallic glasses. Science. 1995;267:1947–1953.
8. Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, Dias G. Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: A review. Biomaterials. 2006;27:1728–1734.
9. Witte F, Kaese V, Haferkamp H, Switzer E, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Wirth CJ, et al. In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response. Biomaterials. 2005;26:3557–3563.
10. Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhao C, Li J, Song Y, Xie C, et al. Research on an Mg-Zn alloy as a degradable biomaterial. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:626–640.
11. Witte F, Fischer J, Nellesen J, Crostack HA, Kaese V, Pisch A, et al. In vitro and in vivo corrosion measurements of magnesium alloys. Biomaterials. 2006;27:1013–1018.
12. Gu X, Zheng Y, Zhong S, Xi T, Wang J, Wang W. Corrosion of, and cellular responses to Mg-Zn- Ca bulk metallic glasses. Biomaterials. 2010;31:1093–1103.
13. Zberg B, Uggowitzer PJ, Loffler JF. MgZnCa glasses without clinically observable hydrogen evolution for biodegradable implants. Nat Mater. 2009;8:887–891.
14. Zheng YF, Gu XN, Witte F. Biodegradable metals. Mater Sci Eng R. 2014;77:1–34.
15. Li HF, Zheng YF. Recent advances in bulk metallic glasses for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 2016;36:1–20.
16. Turnbull D. Under what conditions can a glass be formed? Contemp Phys. 1969;10:473–488.
17. Lu ZP, Liu CT. A new glass-forming ability criterion for bulk metallic glasses. Acta Mater. 2002;50:3501–3512.
18. Lu ZP, Liu CT. Glass formation criterion for various glass-forming systems. Phys Rev Lett. 2003;91:115505.
19. Nowosielski R, Cesarz-Andraczke K. Impact of Zn and Ca on dissolution rate, mechanical properties and GFA of resorbable Mg-Zn-Ca metallic glasses. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2018;18:1–11.
20. Li HF, Pang S, Liu Y, Sun L, Liaw PK, Zhang T. Biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr bulk metallic glasses with enhanced corrosion performance for biomedical applications. Mater Des. 2015;67:9–19.
21. Ma H, Shi LL, Xu J, Li Y, Ma E. Discovering inch-diameter metallic glasses in three-dimensional composition space. Appl Phys Lett. 2005;87:181915.
22. Zai W, Man HC, Su Y, Li G, Lian J. Impact of microalloying element Ga on the glass-forming ability, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass. Mater Chem Phys. 2020;255:123555.
23. Babilas R, Lukowiec D, Temleitner L. Atomic structure of Mg-based metallic glass investigated with neutron diffraction, reverse Monte Carlo modeling and electron microscopy. Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2017;8:1174–1182.
24. Zhao YY, Zhao X. Structural relaxation and its influence on the elastic properties and notch toughness of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass. J Alloys Compd. 2012;515:154–160.
25. Miracle DB. A structural model for metallic glasses. Nat Mater. 2004;3:697–702.
26. Kiani F, Wen C, Li Y. Prospects and strategies for magnesium alloys as biodegradable implants from crystalline to bulk metallic glasses and composites: A review. Acta Biomater. 2020;103:1–23.
27. Guo W, Kato H, Lu S, Wu S. Porous NiTi particle dispersed Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass matrix composites. Materials. 2018;11:1959.
28. Park ES, Kim DH. Formation of Mg-Cu-Ni-Ag-Zn-Y-Gd bulk glassy alloy by casting into cone-shaped copper mold. J Mater Res. 2005;20:1465–1469.
29. Nowosielski R, Cesarz-Andraczke K, Babilas R, Sakiewicz P, Maciej A, Jakobik-Kolon A. Corrosion of biocompatible Mg66+xZn30-xCa4 (x=0.2) bulk metallic glasses. Arch Metall Mater. 2016;61:807–810.
30. Zberg B, Arata ER, Uggowitzer PJ, Loffler JF. Tensile properties of glassy MgZnCa wires and reliability analysis using Weibull statistics. Acta Mater. 2009;57:3223–3231.
31. Méar FO, Xie G, Louzguine-Luzgin DV, Inoue A. Spark plasma sintering of Mg-based amorphous ball-milled powders. Mater Trans. 2009;50:588–591.
32. Pauly S, Löber L, Petters R, Stoica M, Scudino S, Kühn U, et al. Processing metallic glasses by selective laser melting. Mater Today. 2013;16:37–41.
33. Qin FX, Xie GQ, Dan ZH, Zhu SL, Seki I. Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of Mg- Zn-Ca amorphous alloys. Intermetallics. 2013;42:9–13.
34. Greer AL, Ma E. Bulk metallic glasses: At the cutting edge of metals research. MRS Bull. 2007;32:611–615.
35. Cao JD, Kirkland NT, Laws KJ, Birbilis N, Ferry M. Ca-Mg-Zn bulk metallic glasses as bioresorbable metals. Acta Biomater. 2012;8:2375–2383.
36. Greer AL. Metallic glasses on the threshold. Mater Today. 2009;12:14–22.
37. Li K, Li BH, Du P, Xiang T, Yang XX, Xie GQ. Effect of powder size on strength and corrosion behavior of Mg66Zn30Ca4 bulk metallic glass. J Alloys Compd. 2022;897:162979.
38. Wang T, Wang L, Zhao L, Wang X. Fabrication and mechanical properties of porous Fe skeleton-reinforced Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr bulk metallic glass composites. J Compos Sci. 2026;10:110.
39. Schuh CA, Hufnagel TC, Ramamurty U. Mechanical behavior of amorphous alloys. Acta Mater. 2007;55:4067–4109.
40. Scully JR, Gebert A, Payer JH. Corrosion and related mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses. J Mater Res. 2007;22:302–313.
41. Zhao YY, Ma E, Xu J. Reliability of compressive fracture strength of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glasses: Flaw sensitivity and Weibull statistics. Scr Mater. 2008;58:496–499.
42. Gu X, Shiflet GJ, Guo FQ, Poon SJ. Mg-Ca-Zn bulk metallic glasses with high strength and significant ductility. J Mater Res. 2005;20:1935–1938.
43. Cao JD, Martens P, Laws KJ, Boughton P, Ferry M. Quantitative in vitro assessment of Mg65Zn30Ca5 degradation and its effect on cell viability. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2013;101:43– 49.
44. Yuan GY, Qin CL, Inoue A. Mg-based bulk glassy alloys with high strength above 900 MPa and plastic strain. J Mater Res. 2005;20:394–402.
45. Yuan GY, Amiya K, Inoue A. Structural relaxation, glass-forming ability and mechanical properties of Mg-Cu-Ni-Gd alloys. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2005;351:729–735.
46. Shamlaye KF, Laws KJ, Loffler JF. Exceptionally broad bulk metallic glass formation in the Mg- Cu-Yb system. Acta Mater. 2017;128:188–196.
47. Wong PC, Lee TH, Tsai PH, Cheng CK, Li C, Jang JSC, et al. Enhanced mechanical properties of MgZnCa bulk metallic glass composites with Ti-particle dispersion. Metals. 2016;6:116.
48. Wong PC, Tsai PH, Li TH, Cheng CK, Jang JSC, Huang JC. Degradation behavior and mechanical strength of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass composites with Ti particles as biodegradable materials. J Alloys Compd. 2017;699:914–920.
49. Dambatta MS, Izman S, Yahaya B, Lim JY, Kurniawan D. Mg-based bulk metallic glasses for biodegradable implant materials: A review on glass forming ability, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2015;426:110–115.
50. Wong CC, Wong PC, Tsai PH, Jang JSC, Cheng CK, Chen HH, et al. Biocompatibility and osteogenic capacity of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass for rabbit tendon-bone interference fixation. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:2191.
51. Wang X, Zhao L, Hu X, Cheng Y, Liu S, Chen P, et al. Fabrication and mechanical behavior of ex situ Mg-based bulk metallic glass matrix composite reinforced with electroless Cu-coated SiC particles. Materials. 2017;10:1371.
52. Xu YK, Ma H, Xu J. Mg-based bulk metallic glass composites with plasticity and gigapascal strength. Acta Mater. 2005;53:1857–1866.
53. Loffler JF. Bulk metallic glasses. Intermetallics. 2003;11:529–540.
54. Li H, He W, Pang S, Liaw PK, Zhang T. In vitro responses of bone-forming MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts to biodegradable Mg-based bulk metallic glasses. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;68:632–641.
55. Li H, Pang S, Liu Y, Liaw PK, Zhang T. In vitro investigation of Mg-Zn-Ca-Ag bulk metallic glasses for biomedical applications. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2015;427:134–138.
56. Gonzalez S, Pellicer E, Fornell J, Blanquer A, Barrios L, Ibanez E, et al. Improved mechanical performance and delayed corrosion in biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca alloys through Pd-alloying. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;6:53–62.
57. Wang J, Huang S, Li Y, Wei Y, Xi X, Cai K. Effects of Y on the microstructure, mechanical and bio-corrosion properties of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass. J Mater Sci Technol. 2014;30:1255– 1261.
58. Wang YB, Xie XH, Li HF, Wang XL, Zhao MZ, Zhang EW, et al. Biodegradable CaMgZn bulk metallic glass for potential skeletal application. Acta Biomater. 2011;7:3196–3208.
59. Wessels V, Le Mene G, Fischerauer SF, Kraus T, Weinberg AM, Uggowitzer PJ, et al. In vivo performance and structural relaxation of biodegradable bone implants made from Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glasses. Adv Eng Mater. 2012;14:B357–B364.
60. Wang WH. The elastic properties, elastic models and elastic perspectives of metallic glasses. Prog Mater Sci. 2012;57:487–656.
61. Zhou Z, Zhou Y, He Q, et al. Machine learning guided appraisal and exploration of phase design for high entropy alloys. npj Comput Mater. 2019;5:128.
62. Schultz LE, Afflerbach B, Szlufarska I, Morgan D. Molecular dynamic characteristic temperatures for predicting metallic glass forming ability. Comput Mater Sci. 2022;201:110877.

Magnesium-based bulk metallic glasses (Mg-BMGs) combine strength, low density, and tunable degradability. Their amorphous matrix has a small plastic process zone. This zone is only about 4 μm wide. A small process zone keeps most glasses brittle. Adding a second phase is the best fix. This chapter extends Mg-BMGs to true composites. We call these Mg-based bulk metallic glass composites, or Mg- BMGCs. The chapter covers matrix engineering and interfacial control. It also covers processing routes and toughening physics. Biomedical performance data for monolithic glasses are kept too. Continuous porous-metal skeletons are infiltrated under gas pressure. In Mg66Zn30Ca3Sr1, this raises compressive strength from 407 to 500 MPa. Plastic strain rises from 0.02% to 0.2% too. Copper plating on the skeleton improves wetting. Infiltration depth grows from 5 mm to over 30 mm. Dispersed particles use a different toughening route. TiB2 additions push fracture strength above 1.3 GPa. Plastic strain reaches 3.2% in these composites. Cu-coated SiC particles raise strength past 1.1 GPa. They work by blunting sharp particle corners. Porous NiTi dispersoids add a 12% strength gain. They also act as a corrosion barrier in Hank’s solution. The Halpin–Tsai model predicts composite modulus correctly. The simple rule of mixtures does not. The Mohr–Coulomb criterion explains the 41° shear angle seen here. A composition-only machine-learning model also predicts glass transition temperature well. Magnesium emerges as its single strongest elemental predictor. Matrix design and reinforcement design now work together. Together they push Mg-BMGs toward load-bearing implants.

Keywords:Bulk metallic glass composite, matrix engineering, interfacial wetting, shear band propagation, toughening mechanisms, pressure infiltration, machine learning

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Klement W, Willens RH, Duwez P. Non-crystalline structure in solidified gold-silicon alloys. Nature. 1960;187:869–870.
2. Inoue A, Zhang T, Masumoto T. Mg-Cu-Y amorphous alloys with high mechanical strengths produced by a metallic mold casting method. Mater Trans JIM. 1991;32:609–616.
3. Inoue A. Stabilization of metallic supercooled liquid and bulk amorphous alloys. Acta Mater. 2000;48:279–306.
4. Inoue A, Takeuchi A. Recent development and application products of bulk glassy alloys. Acta Mater. 2011;59:2243–2267.
5. Wang WH, Dong C, Shek CH. Bulk metallic glasses. Mater Sci Eng R. 2004;44:45–89.
6. Johnson WL. Bulk glass-forming metallic alloys: Science and technology. MRS Bull. 1999;24:42– 56.
7. Greer A. Metallic glasses. Science. 1995;267:1947–1953.
8. Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, Dias G. Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: A review. Biomaterials. 2006;27:1728–1734.
9. Witte F, Kaese V, Haferkamp H, Switzer E, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Wirth CJ, et al. In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response. Biomaterials. 2005;26:3557–3563.
10. Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhao C, Li J, Song Y, Xie C, et al. Research on an Mg-Zn alloy as a degradable biomaterial. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:626–640.
11. Witte F, Fischer J, Nellesen J, Crostack HA, Kaese V, Pisch A, et al. In vitro and in vivo corrosion measurements of magnesium alloys. Biomaterials. 2006;27:1013–1018.
12. Gu X, Zheng Y, Zhong S, Xi T, Wang J, Wang W. Corrosion of, and cellular responses to Mg-Zn- Ca bulk metallic glasses. Biomaterials. 2010;31:1093–1103.
13. Zberg B, Uggowitzer PJ, Loffler JF. MgZnCa glasses without clinically observable hydrogen evolution for biodegradable implants. Nat Mater. 2009;8:887–891.
14. Zheng YF, Gu XN, Witte F. Biodegradable metals. Mater Sci Eng R. 2014;77:1–34.
15. Li HF, Zheng YF. Recent advances in bulk metallic glasses for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 2016;36:1–20.
16. Turnbull D. Under what conditions can a glass be formed? Contemp Phys. 1969;10:473–488.
17. Lu ZP, Liu CT. A new glass-forming ability criterion for bulk metallic glasses. Acta Mater. 2002;50:3501–3512.
18. Lu ZP, Liu CT. Glass formation criterion for various glass-forming systems. Phys Rev Lett. 2003;91:115505.
19. Nowosielski R, Cesarz-Andraczke K. Impact of Zn and Ca on dissolution rate, mechanical properties and GFA of resorbable Mg-Zn-Ca metallic glasses. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2018;18:1–11.
20. Li HF, Pang S, Liu Y, Sun L, Liaw PK, Zhang T. Biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr bulk metallic glasses with enhanced corrosion performance for biomedical applications. Mater Des. 2015;67:9–19.
21. Ma H, Shi LL, Xu J, Li Y, Ma E. Discovering inch-diameter metallic glasses in three-dimensional composition space. Appl Phys Lett. 2005;87:181915.
22. Zai W, Man HC, Su Y, Li G, Lian J. Impact of microalloying element Ga on the glass-forming ability, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass. Mater Chem Phys. 2020;255:123555.
23. Babilas R, Lukowiec D, Temleitner L. Atomic structure of Mg-based metallic glass investigated with neutron diffraction, reverse Monte Carlo modeling and electron microscopy. Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2017;8:1174–1182.
24. Zhao YY, Zhao X. Structural relaxation and its influence on the elastic properties and notch toughness of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass. J Alloys Compd. 2012;515:154–160.
25. Miracle DB. A structural model for metallic glasses. Nat Mater. 2004;3:697–702.
26. Kiani F, Wen C, Li Y. Prospects and strategies for magnesium alloys as biodegradable implants from crystalline to bulk metallic glasses and composites: A review. Acta Biomater. 2020;103:1–23.
27. Guo W, Kato H, Lu S, Wu S. Porous NiTi particle dispersed Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass matrix composites. Materials. 2018;11:1959.
28. Park ES, Kim DH. Formation of Mg-Cu-Ni-Ag-Zn-Y-Gd bulk glassy alloy by casting into cone-shaped copper mold. J Mater Res. 2005;20:1465–1469.
29. Nowosielski R, Cesarz-Andraczke K, Babilas R, Sakiewicz P, Maciej A, Jakobik-Kolon A. Corrosion of biocompatible Mg66+xZn30-xCa4 (x=0.2) bulk metallic glasses. Arch Metall Mater. 2016;61:807–810.
30. Zberg B, Arata ER, Uggowitzer PJ, Loffler JF. Tensile properties of glassy MgZnCa wires and reliability analysis using Weibull statistics. Acta Mater. 2009;57:3223–3231.
31. Méar FO, Xie G, Louzguine-Luzgin DV, Inoue A. Spark plasma sintering of Mg-based amorphous ball-milled powders. Mater Trans. 2009;50:588–591.
32. Pauly S, Löber L, Petters R, Stoica M, Scudino S, Kühn U, et al. Processing metallic glasses by selective laser melting. Mater Today. 2013;16:37–41.
33. Qin FX, Xie GQ, Dan ZH, Zhu SL, Seki I. Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of Mg- Zn-Ca amorphous alloys. Intermetallics. 2013;42:9–13.
34. Greer AL, Ma E. Bulk metallic glasses: At the cutting edge of metals research. MRS Bull. 2007;32:611–615.
35. Cao JD, Kirkland NT, Laws KJ, Birbilis N, Ferry M. Ca-Mg-Zn bulk metallic glasses as bioresorbable metals. Acta Biomater. 2012;8:2375–2383.
36. Greer AL. Metallic glasses on the threshold. Mater Today. 2009;12:14–22.
37. Li K, Li BH, Du P, Xiang T, Yang XX, Xie GQ. Effect of powder size on strength and corrosion behavior of Mg66Zn30Ca4 bulk metallic glass. J Alloys Compd. 2022;897:162979.
38. Wang T, Wang L, Zhao L, Wang X. Fabrication and mechanical properties of porous Fe skeleton-reinforced Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr bulk metallic glass composites. J Compos Sci. 2026;10:110.
39. Schuh CA, Hufnagel TC, Ramamurty U. Mechanical behavior of amorphous alloys. Acta Mater. 2007;55:4067–4109.
40. Scully JR, Gebert A, Payer JH. Corrosion and related mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses. J Mater Res. 2007;22:302–313.
41. Zhao YY, Ma E, Xu J. Reliability of compressive fracture strength of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glasses: Flaw sensitivity and Weibull statistics. Scr Mater. 2008;58:496–499.
42. Gu X, Shiflet GJ, Guo FQ, Poon SJ. Mg-Ca-Zn bulk metallic glasses with high strength and significant ductility. J Mater Res. 2005;20:1935–1938.
43. Cao JD, Martens P, Laws KJ, Boughton P, Ferry M. Quantitative in vitro assessment of Mg65Zn30Ca5 degradation and its effect on cell viability. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2013;101:43– 49.
44. Yuan GY, Qin CL, Inoue A. Mg-based bulk glassy alloys with high strength above 900 MPa and plastic strain. J Mater Res. 2005;20:394–402.
45. Yuan GY, Amiya K, Inoue A. Structural relaxation, glass-forming ability and mechanical properties of Mg-Cu-Ni-Gd alloys. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2005;351:729–735.
46. Shamlaye KF, Laws KJ, Loffler JF. Exceptionally broad bulk metallic glass formation in the Mg- Cu-Yb system. Acta Mater. 2017;128:188–196.
47. Wong PC, Lee TH, Tsai PH, Cheng CK, Li C, Jang JSC, et al. Enhanced mechanical properties of MgZnCa bulk metallic glass composites with Ti-particle dispersion. Metals. 2016;6:116.
48. Wong PC, Tsai PH, Li TH, Cheng CK, Jang JSC, Huang JC. Degradation behavior and mechanical strength of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass composites with Ti particles as biodegradable materials. J Alloys Compd. 2017;699:914–920.
49. Dambatta MS, Izman S, Yahaya B, Lim JY, Kurniawan D. Mg-based bulk metallic glasses for biodegradable implant materials: A review on glass forming ability, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2015;426:110–115.
50. Wong CC, Wong PC, Tsai PH, Jang JSC, Cheng CK, Chen HH, et al. Biocompatibility and osteogenic capacity of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass for rabbit tendon-bone interference fixation. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:2191.
51. Wang X, Zhao L, Hu X, Cheng Y, Liu S, Chen P, et al. Fabrication and mechanical behavior of ex situ Mg-based bulk metallic glass matrix composite reinforced with electroless Cu-coated SiC particles. Materials. 2017;10:1371.
52. Xu YK, Ma H, Xu J. Mg-based bulk metallic glass composites with plasticity and gigapascal strength. Acta Mater. 2005;53:1857–1866.
53. Loffler JF. Bulk metallic glasses. Intermetallics. 2003;11:529–540.
54. Li H, He W, Pang S, Liaw PK, Zhang T. In vitro responses of bone-forming MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts to biodegradable Mg-based bulk metallic glasses. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;68:632–641.
55. Li H, Pang S, Liu Y, Liaw PK, Zhang T. In vitro investigation of Mg-Zn-Ca-Ag bulk metallic glasses for biomedical applications. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2015;427:134–138.
56. Gonzalez S, Pellicer E, Fornell J, Blanquer A, Barrios L, Ibanez E, et al. Improved mechanical performance and delayed corrosion in biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca alloys through Pd-alloying. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;6:53–62.
57. Wang J, Huang S, Li Y, Wei Y, Xi X, Cai K. Effects of Y on the microstructure, mechanical and bio-corrosion properties of Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass. J Mater Sci Technol. 2014;30:1255– 1261.
58. Wang YB, Xie XH, Li HF, Wang XL, Zhao MZ, Zhang EW, et al. Biodegradable CaMgZn bulk metallic glass for potential skeletal application. Acta Biomater. 2011;7:3196–3208.
59. Wessels V, Le Mene G, Fischerauer SF, Kraus T, Weinberg AM, Uggowitzer PJ, et al. In vivo performance and structural relaxation of biodegradable bone implants made from Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glasses. Adv Eng Mater. 2012;14:B357–B364.
60. Wang WH. The elastic properties, elastic models and elastic perspectives of metallic glasses. Prog Mater Sci. 2012;57:487–656.
61. Zhou Z, Zhou Y, He Q, et al. Machine learning guided appraisal and exploration of phase design for high entropy alloys. npj Comput Mater. 2019;5:128.
62. Schultz LE, Afflerbach B, Szlufarska I, Morgan D. Molecular dynamic characteristic temperatures for predicting metallic glass forming ability. Comput Mater Sci. 2022;201:110877.