Journal Menu
By: Ashok K. Rathoure and Anika Rathoure.
1Research Director, Department of Chemistry, Chaitanya Climate Research Inc., Surat, Gujarat, India.
2Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Chaitanya Climate Research Inc., Surat, Gujarat, India.
This research paper presents a detailed examination of the manufacturing processes for ten key fungicides used in agrochemical applications: Amisulbrom, Azoxystrobin, Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen, Boscalid, Carboxin, Carpropamid, Cyazofamid, Cyclobutrifluram, and Cyflufenamid. For each fungicide, the synthesis pathways are outlined, including step-by-step chemical reactions, basic chemistry, reactant stoichiometries, and mass calculations based on a standardized production scale of 1000 kg of the final product. Mass balances are provided to account for inputs (reactants, solvents, and auxiliaries) and outputs (products, by-products, recoveries, losses, and effluents), ensuring compliance with environmental and efficiency considerations. The processes highlight key reactions such as sulfonylation for Amisulbrom, multi-step condensations and substitutions for Azoxystrobin, and amide couplings for others like Cyclobutrifluram and Cyflufenamid. Furthermore, this study provides a comparative evaluation of synthetic methodologies, emphasizing yield optimization, reaction selectivity, and purification techniques. Advanced catalytic systems, green solvents, and continuous-flow synthesis approaches are discussed for their potential to enhance sustainability and reduce waste generation. The assessment also includes an energy balance analysis, addressing reaction temperature profiles, solvent recovery, and energy consumption per production cycle. By integrating green chemistry principles, the work proposes feasible modifications to conventional routes to minimize toxic reagent use and effluent load. The economic and environmental implications of each process are also evaluated, providing insight into industrial feasibility and regulatory compliance. Overall, this study contributes to advancing eco-efficient fungicide manufacturing, promoting innovation in chemical process engineering, and supporting the global shift toward cleaner agrochemical production technologies.
Citation:
Refrences:
- Hayashi N, Nakajima T, Ohnishi K. A stable agrochemical composition (European Patent No. EP3769620A1). Eur Patent Off; 2020. Available from: https://data.epo.org/publication-server/rest/v1.0/publication-dates/20210127/patents/EP3769620NWA1/document.pdf.
- Liu G, Chen L. Design and synthesis of triazole sulfonamide inhibitors of bc1 complex. Results Chem. 2025;7:101463. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773237125000036.
- Mitani S, Araki S, Takii Y, Ohshima T, Matsuo N, Miyoshi H, et al. The biochemical mode of action of the novel selective fungicide cyazofamid: Specific inhibition of mitochondrial complex III in Phytophthora infestans. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2004;71(2):107–15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048357501000333.
- Ohno R, Masuda T. Method for preparing azoxystrobin (European Patent No. EP3476838A1). Eur Patent Off; 2018. Available from: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/2f/40/fd/64ee01b90d498a/EP3476838A1.pdf.
- Palav AV, Khose VN. Development of a trimethylamine-catalyzed novel synthesis of azoxystrobin. Org Process Res Dev. 2023;27(6):1094–102. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00033.
- Shaber SH, Oberholzer MR. Process for the preparation of azoxystrobin and analogues thereof (U.S. Patent No. 7,084,272 B2). U.S. Patent Trademark Off; 2006. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US7084272B2/en.
- Tsubata K, Shimaoka T. Development of a novel fungicide, cyazofamid. J Pestic Sci. 2004;29(2):136–8. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpestics/29/2/29_2_136/_pdf.
- Wang H, Zhao H. Intermediate of benzovindiflupyr and preparation method and application thereof (Chinese Patent No. CN106588745A). China Natl Intellect Prop Adm; 2017. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN106588745A/en.
- Wang X, Wang J, Zhang Y. A concise synthesis of azoxystrobin using a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. J Chem Res. 2015;39(10):581–5. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3184/174751915X14418863197125.
- Watzke M, Gutierrez C. A process for preparation of bixafen (World Patent No. WO2023031959A1). World Intellect Prop Organ; 2023. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2023031959A1/en.
- Yoshida S, Sakamoto T. Process for preparing boscalid (World Patent No. WO2018024145A1). World Intellect Prop Organ; 2007. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2018024145A1/en.
- Zheng Y, Liu F. New synthesis of carboxin and oxycarboxin pesticides: application to the preparation of their new analogues substituted at the C-2 methyl group. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2015;120:82–8. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244517660_New_synthesis_of_carboxin_and_oxycarboxin_pesticides_Application_to_the_preparation_of_their_new_analogues_substituted_at_the_C-2_methyl_group.
- Zhou S, Jia Y. A sustai.nable 1-pot, 3-step synthesis of boscalid using part per million level Pd catalyst in water. Org Process Res Dev. 2019;23(12):2618–26. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00455.