Ashok K. Rathoure, Anika Rathoure | International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions | Vol 11, Issue 02 | pp. 1-21 | ISSN: 2582-5917
Abstract
This research paper presents a detailed examination of the manufacturing processes for ten key fungicides used in agrochemical applications: Amisulbrom, Azoxystrobin, Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen, Boscalid, Carboxin, Carpropamid, Cyazofamid, Cyclobutrifluram, and Cyflufenamid. For each fungicide, the synthesis pathways are outlined, including step-by-step chemical reactions, basic chemistry, reactant stoichiometries, and mass calculations based on a standardized production scale of 1000 kg of the final product. Mass balances are provided to account for inputs (reactants, solvents, and auxiliaries) and outputs (products, by-products, recoveries, losses, and effluents), ensuring compliance with environmental and efficiency considerations. The processes highlight key reactions such as sulfonylation for Amisulbrom, multi-step condensations and substitutions for Azoxystrobin, and amide couplings for others like Cyclobutrifluram and Cyflufenamid. Furthermore, this study provides a comparative evaluation of synthetic methodologies, emphasizing yield optimization, reaction selectivity, and purification techniques. Advanced catalytic systems, green solvents, and continuous-flow synthesis approaches are discussed for their potential to enhance sustainability and reduce waste generation. The assessment also includes an energy balance analysis, addressing reaction temperature profiles, solvent recovery, and energy consumption per production cycle. By integrating green chemistry principles, the work proposes feasible modifications to conventional routes to minimize toxic reagent use and effluent load. The economic and environmental implications of each process are also evaluated, providing insight into industrial feasibility and regulatory compliance. Overall, this study contributes to advancing eco-efficient fungicide manufacturing, promoting innovation in chemical process engineering, and supporting the global shift toward cleaner agrochemical production technologies.
Keywords
agrochemicals, Mass Balance, route of synthesis, fungicides, manufacturing processes, yield optimization
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How to cite this article
@article{RathoureAK2025,
author = {Ashok K. Rathoure and Anika Rathoure},
title = {Comprehensive Manufacturing Processes, Chemical Syntheses, and Mass Balance Analyses for Ten Essential Fungicides in Agrochemical Production},
journal = {International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {02},
pages = {1--21},
issn = {2582-5917},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijcscr/article=22120}
}