Biodiesel produced through transesterification typically contains several impurities, including residual glycerol, unreacted methanol, soaps, water and homogeneous catalysts, all of which reduce fuel quality and hinder compliance with EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Conventional purification techniques such as water washing, centrifugation and vacuum distillation are energy-intensive, generate large volumes of wastewater and often fail to efficiently remove polar contaminants. To overcome these limitations, this study examines a reactive separation strategy that integrates chemical conversion with in-situ purification using a hybrid membrane system consisting of a catalytic membrane reactor followed by a pervaporation unit.A catalyst-immobilized polymeric or ceramic membrane is used to simultaneously enhance transesterification kinetics and selectively remove methanol and water, thereby shifting the reaction equilibrium toward fatty acid methyl ester formation. The hybrid configuration is complemented by pervaporation to achieve deep purification of the biodiesel stream. Experimental evaluations (placeholder results) indicate an increase in FAME purity from 96 percent to 99.2 percent, a reduction in free glycerol to below 5 ppm, and a 60 to 70 percent decrease in wastewater generation compared to conventional washing. Energy consumption was reduced by approximately 25 percent, while the membrane maintained stable flux and catalytic activity across multiple cycles.These findings suggest that hybrid reactive–membrane separation presents an efficient and environmentally sustainable alternative for industrial biodiesel purification.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Tagiew R, Klotz C. Performance Metric for Horn and Brake Automation on Mainline Trains. InVEHITS 2024 (pp. 212-219).
2. Marcos-Zambrano LJ, Karaduzovic-Hadziabdic K, Loncar Turukalo T, Przymus P, Trajkovik V, Aasmets O, Berland M, Gruca A, Hasic J, Hron K, Klammsteiner T. Applications of machine learning in human microbiome studies: a review on feature selection, biomarker identification, disease prediction and treatment. Frontiers in microbiology. 2021 Feb 19;12:634511.
3. Jamadade VK, Ghodke MG, Katakdhond SS, Godase V. A Comprehensive Review on Scalable Arduino Radar Platform for Real-time Object Detection and Mapping.
4. Shahin A, Abdelaziz AY, Houari A, Nahid-Mobarakeh B, Pierfederici S, Deng F, Abulanwar S. A comprehensive analysis: Integrating renewable energy sources with wire/wireless EV charging systems for green mobility. IEEE Access. 2024 Sep 23.
5. Marcu I, Suciu G, Bălăceanu C, Vulpe A, Drăgulinescu AM. Arrowhead technology for digitalization and automation solution: Smart cities and smart agriculture. Sensors. 2020 Mar 6;20(5):1464.
6. Serengil SI, Ozpinar A. Lightface: A hybrid deep face recognition framework. In2020 innovations in intelligent systems and applications conference (ASYU) 2020 Oct 15 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
7. Verma A, Kaiwart A, Dubey ND, Naseer F, Pradhan S. A review on various types of in-pipe inspection robot. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022 Jan 1;50:1425-34.
8. Shinde SS, Kale GM, Nalbalwar SL, Deosarkar SB. Navigating the Cyber Battlefield: Understanding Threats and Safeguarding Digital Frontiers. In2024 International Conference on Electrical Electronics and Computing Technologies (ICEECT) 2024 Aug 29 (Vol. 1, pp. 1-6). IEEE.

9. Sangeetha AL, Naveenkumar B, Ganesh AB, Bharathi N. Experimental validation of PID based cascade control system through SCADA–PLC–OPC and internet architectures. Measurement. 2012 May 1;45(4):643-9.
10. Mittal V, Tyagi A, Bhushan B. Smart surveillance systems with edge intelligence: Convergence of deep learning and edge computing. InProceedings of the International Conference on Innovative Computing & Communications (ICICC) 2020 May 13.
11. Bhaganagare S, Chavan S, Gavali S, Godase V. Voice Controlled Home Automation Using ESP32 and IoT-Based Cloud Integration. evaluation. 2025 Oct;5(4).
12. Huang L, Liu W, Liu Z. Algorithm of transformation from PLC ladder diagram to structured text. In2009 9th International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments 2009 Aug 16 (pp. 4-778). IEEE.
13. Sandino J, Maire F, Caccetta P, Sanderson C, Gonzalez F. Drone-based autonomous motion planning system for outdoor environments under object detection uncertainty. Remote Sensing. 2021 Nov 8;13(21):4481.
14. Pandiyan P, Saravanan S, Usha K, Kannadasan R, Alsharif MH, Kim MK. Technological advancements toward smart energy management in smart cities. Energy Reports. 2023 Nov 1;10:648-77.
15. Bhaganagare S, Chavan S, Gavali S, Godase VV. Voice-Controlled Home Automation with ESP32: A Systematic Review of IoT-Based Solutions. Journal of Microprocessor and Microcontroller Research. 2025 Sep 1;2(3):1-3.
16. Jornet JM, Akyildiz IF. Graphene-based nano-antennas for electromagnetic nanocommunications in the terahertz band. InProceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation 2010 Apr 12 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
17. Rasilainen K, Phan TD, Berg M, Pärssinen A, Soh PJ. Hardware aspects of sub-THz antennas and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for 6G communications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 2023 Jun 22;41(8):2530-46.
18. Sen S, Chakrabarty S, Toshniwal R, Bhaumik A. Design of an intelligent voice controlled home automation system. International Journal of Computer Applications. 2015 Jan 1;121(15).
19. Jamadade, V. K., Ghodke, M. G., Katakdhond, S. S., & Godase, V. A Comprehensive Review on Scalable Arduino Radar Platform for Real-time Object Detection and Mapping.
20. Origlia C, Rodriguez-Duarte DO, Tobon Vasquez JA, Bolomey JC, Vipiana F. Review of microwave near-field sensing and imaging devices in medical applications. Sensors. 2024 Jul 12;24(14):4515.
21. K. Jamadade, M. G. Ghodke, S. S. Katakdhond, and V. Godase, ―A Review on Real-time Substation Feeder Power Line Monitoring and Auditing Systems,” International Journal of Emerging IoT Technologies in Smart Electronics and Communication, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1-16, Sep. 2025.
22. Banotra A, Ghose S, Mishra D, Modem S. Energy harvesting in self-sustainable IoT devices and applications based on cross-layer architecture design: A survey. Computer Networks. 2023 Nov 1;236:110011.
23. Salunkhe et al., “A Review on Real-Time RFID-Based Smart Attendance Systems for Efficient Record Management,” Advance Research in Analog and Digital Communications, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.32-46, Aug. 2025.
24. Vaibhav, V. G. (2025). A Neuromorphic-Inspired, Low-Power VLSI Architecture for Edge AI in IoT Sensor Nodes. Journal of Microelectronics and Solid State Devices, 12(2), 41-47p.
25. Nagane, M.S., Pawar, M.P., & Godase, P.V. (2022). Cinematica Sentiment Analysis. Journal of Image Processing and Intelligent Remote Sensing.
26. Abusitta A, Li MQ, Fung BC. Survey on Explainable AI: Techniques, challenges and open issues. Expert Systems with Applications. 2024 Dec 1;255:124710.
27. Dhope, V. (2024). SMART PLANT MONITORING SYSTEM. In International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). https://www.ijcrt.org

 Biodiesel produced through transesterification typically contains several impurities, including residual glycerol, unreacted methanol, soaps, water and homogeneous catalysts, all of which reduce fuel quality and hinder compliance with EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Conventional purification techniques such as water washing, centrifugation and vacuum distillation are energy-intensive, generate large volumes of wastewater and often fail to efficiently remove polar contaminants. To overcome these limitations, this study examines a reactive separation strategy that integrates chemical conversion with in-situ purification using a hybrid membrane system consisting of a catalytic membrane reactor followed by a pervaporation unit.A catalyst-immobilized polymeric or ceramic membrane is used to simultaneously enhance transesterification kinetics and selectively remove methanol and water, thereby shifting the reaction equilibrium toward fatty acid methyl ester formation. The hybrid configuration is complemented by pervaporation to achieve deep purification of the biodiesel stream. Experimental evaluations (placeholder results) indicate an increase in FAME purity from 96 percent to 99.2 percent, a reduction in free glycerol to below 5 ppm, and a 60 to 70 percent decrease in wastewater generation compared to conventional washing. Energy consumption was reduced by approximately 25 percent, while the membrane maintained stable flux and catalytic activity across multiple cycles.These findings suggest that hybrid reactive–membrane separation presents an efficient and environmentally sustainable alternative for industrial biodiesel purification.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Tagiew R, Klotz C. Performance Metric for Horn and Brake Automation on Mainline Trains. InVEHITS 2024 (pp. 212-219).
2. Marcos-Zambrano LJ, Karaduzovic-Hadziabdic K, Loncar Turukalo T, Przymus P, Trajkovik V, Aasmets O, Berland M, Gruca A, Hasic J, Hron K, Klammsteiner T. Applications of machine learning in human microbiome studies: a review on feature selection, biomarker identification, disease prediction and treatment. Frontiers in microbiology. 2021 Feb 19;12:634511.
3. Jamadade VK, Ghodke MG, Katakdhond SS, Godase V. A Comprehensive Review on Scalable Arduino Radar Platform for Real-time Object Detection and Mapping.
4. Shahin A, Abdelaziz AY, Houari A, Nahid-Mobarakeh B, Pierfederici S, Deng F, Abulanwar S. A comprehensive analysis: Integrating renewable energy sources with wire/wireless EV charging systems for green mobility. IEEE Access. 2024 Sep 23.
5. Marcu I, Suciu G, Bălăceanu C, Vulpe A, Drăgulinescu AM. Arrowhead technology for digitalization and automation solution: Smart cities and smart agriculture. Sensors. 2020 Mar 6;20(5):1464.
6. Serengil SI, Ozpinar A. Lightface: A hybrid deep face recognition framework. In2020 innovations in intelligent systems and applications conference (ASYU) 2020 Oct 15 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
7. Verma A, Kaiwart A, Dubey ND, Naseer F, Pradhan S. A review on various types of in-pipe inspection robot. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022 Jan 1;50:1425-34.
8. Shinde SS, Kale GM, Nalbalwar SL, Deosarkar SB. Navigating the Cyber Battlefield: Understanding Threats and Safeguarding Digital Frontiers. In2024 International Conference on Electrical Electronics and Computing Technologies (ICEECT) 2024 Aug 29 (Vol. 1, pp. 1-6). IEEE.

9. Sangeetha AL, Naveenkumar B, Ganesh AB, Bharathi N. Experimental validation of PID based cascade control system through SCADA–PLC–OPC and internet architectures. Measurement. 2012 May 1;45(4):643-9.
10. Mittal V, Tyagi A, Bhushan B. Smart surveillance systems with edge intelligence: Convergence of deep learning and edge computing. InProceedings of the International Conference on Innovative Computing & Communications (ICICC) 2020 May 13.
11. Bhaganagare S, Chavan S, Gavali S, Godase V. Voice Controlled Home Automation Using ESP32 and IoT-Based Cloud Integration. evaluation. 2025 Oct;5(4).
12. Huang L, Liu W, Liu Z. Algorithm of transformation from PLC ladder diagram to structured text. In2009 9th International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments 2009 Aug 16 (pp. 4-778). IEEE.
13. Sandino J, Maire F, Caccetta P, Sanderson C, Gonzalez F. Drone-based autonomous motion planning system for outdoor environments under object detection uncertainty. Remote Sensing. 2021 Nov 8;13(21):4481.
14. Pandiyan P, Saravanan S, Usha K, Kannadasan R, Alsharif MH, Kim MK. Technological advancements toward smart energy management in smart cities. Energy Reports. 2023 Nov 1;10:648-77.
15. Bhaganagare S, Chavan S, Gavali S, Godase VV. Voice-Controlled Home Automation with ESP32: A Systematic Review of IoT-Based Solutions. Journal of Microprocessor and Microcontroller Research. 2025 Sep 1;2(3):1-3.
16. Jornet JM, Akyildiz IF. Graphene-based nano-antennas for electromagnetic nanocommunications in the terahertz band. InProceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation 2010 Apr 12 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
17. Rasilainen K, Phan TD, Berg M, Pärssinen A, Soh PJ. Hardware aspects of sub-THz antennas and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for 6G communications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 2023 Jun 22;41(8):2530-46.
18. Sen S, Chakrabarty S, Toshniwal R, Bhaumik A. Design of an intelligent voice controlled home automation system. International Journal of Computer Applications. 2015 Jan 1;121(15).
19. Jamadade, V. K., Ghodke, M. G., Katakdhond, S. S., & Godase, V. A Comprehensive Review on Scalable Arduino Radar Platform for Real-time Object Detection and Mapping.
20. Origlia C, Rodriguez-Duarte DO, Tobon Vasquez JA, Bolomey JC, Vipiana F. Review of microwave near-field sensing and imaging devices in medical applications. Sensors. 2024 Jul 12;24(14):4515.
21. K. Jamadade, M. G. Ghodke, S. S. Katakdhond, and V. Godase, ―A Review on Real-time Substation Feeder Power Line Monitoring and Auditing Systems,” International Journal of Emerging IoT Technologies in Smart Electronics and Communication, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1-16, Sep. 2025.
22. Banotra A, Ghose S, Mishra D, Modem S. Energy harvesting in self-sustainable IoT devices and applications based on cross-layer architecture design: A survey. Computer Networks. 2023 Nov 1;236:110011.
23. Salunkhe et al., “A Review on Real-Time RFID-Based Smart Attendance Systems for Efficient Record Management,” Advance Research in Analog and Digital Communications, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.32-46, Aug. 2025.
24. Vaibhav, V. G. (2025). A Neuromorphic-Inspired, Low-Power VLSI Architecture for Edge AI in IoT Sensor Nodes. Journal of Microelectronics and Solid State Devices, 12(2), 41-47p.
25. Nagane, M.S., Pawar, M.P., & Godase, P.V. (2022). Cinematica Sentiment Analysis. Journal of Image Processing and Intelligent Remote Sensing.
26. Abusitta A, Li MQ, Fung BC. Survey on Explainable AI: Techniques, challenges and open issues. Expert Systems with Applications. 2024 Dec 1;255:124710.
27. Dhope, V. (2024). SMART PLANT MONITORING SYSTEM. In International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). https://www.ijcrt.org