The growing demand for accurate, cost-effective, and sustainable energy monitoring solutions has accelerated advancements in smart metering, non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), and real-time consumption analysis. This research paper consolidates and extends insights from recent developments in energy metering technologies, focusing on battery-free sensing, IoT- enabled monitoring, life-cycle sustainability, and meter performance under distorted grid conditions. Building upon prior work on non-intrusive and adaptive load monitoring, this study proposes an integrated smart energy metering framework aimed at improving residential and commercial energy efficiency in developing and developed regions. This study suggests a comprehensive and integrated smart energy metering framework intended to enhance residential, commercial, and small-scale industrial energy efficiency in both developed and developing regions, building on earlier research in adaptive and non-intrusive load monitoring techniques. In order to ensure dependable and maintenance-free long-term operation, the proposed system incorporates: (1) a low-cost, battery-free, non-intrusive power measurement methodology; (2) IoT-based data acquisition and cloud connectivity for real-time visualization, analytics, power quality assessment, and demand-side management; and (3) a sustainability-oriented design approach supported by life-cycle cost analysis comparing smart and conventional metering systems. The system incorporates: (1) a low-cost, battery-free non-intrusive power measurement approach for reliable long-term monitoring; (2) IOT-based data acquisition for real-time visualization, power quality assessment, and demand-side management; and (3) a sustainability- driven design informed by life cycle cost analysis of smart versus conventional meters. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that smart metering solutions significantly enhance consumption awareness, support appliance-level load identification, and maintain accuracy even under non sinusoidal grid conditions. The proposed framework highlights the environmental and economic benefits of transitioning to advanced smart metering infrastructures and emphasizes their potential to promote energy conservation, optimize grid reliability, and support sustainable development goals.

Keywords- Battery-Free Power Meter, Load Identification, Smart Energy Metering, Sustainable Energy Management, Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM).

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1.  Nebrida AP, Amador CD, Madiam CM, Ranche GJ. Development of smart meter to monitor real time energy consumption for sustainability. International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology. 2023 Oct 15;14(4):28-39.
2.  Ortiz A, Lehtonen M, Mañana M, Renedo C, Eguíluz LI. Energy meter behavior under non- sinusoidal conditions. Renew. Energy Power Qual. J. 2004;1:296.
3. Perekalskiy IN, Kokin SE. Development of a smart electricity meter for households based on existing infrastructure. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020 Jun 1 (Vol. 510, No. 2, p. 022006). IOP Publishing.
4. Labib L, Billah M, Sultan Mahmud Rana GM, Sadat MN, Kibria MG, Islam MR. Design and implementation of low‐cost universal smart energy meter with demand side load management. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2017 Nov;11(16):3938-45.
5. Javed N, Shafi MA, Khan N, Khan M. Design of a smart energy meter with overload trip facilities. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology. 2017 Aug;6(6):107-17.
6. Tsai MS, Lin YH. Modern development of an adaptive non-intrusive appliance load monitoring system in electricity energy conservation. Applied Energy. 2012 Aug 1;96:55-73.
7. Okomba NS, Awoyemi T. Development of an android-based energy meter reading with load control monitoring. LAUTECH Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2025 Sep 16;19(4):48-56.
8. Munoz O, Ruelas A, Rosales-Escobedo PF, Acuña A, Suastegui A, Lara F, Reyes-Zamora RA, Rocha A. Development of an IoT smart energy meter with power quality features for a smart grid architecture. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems. 2024 Sep 1; 43:100990.
9. Viciana E, Alcayde A, Montoya FG, Baños R, Arrabal-Campos FM, Zapata-Sierra A, Manzano- Agugliaro F. OpenZmeter: An efficient low-cost energy smart meter and power quality analyzer. Sustainability. 2018 Nov 4;10(11):4038.
10. Bariah L, Mohjazi L, Muhaidat S, Sofotasios PC, Kurt GK, Yanikomeroglu H, Dobre OA. A prospective look: Key enabling technologies, applications and open research topics in 6G networks. IEEE access. 2020 Aug 26;8:174792-820.
11. Shahriar H, Islam MS, Jahin MA, Ridoy IA, Prottoy RR, Abid A, Mridha MF. Exploring internet of things adoption challenges in manufacturing firms: A Delphi fuzzy analytical hierarchy process approach. PloS one. 2024 Nov 4;19(11):e0311643.
12. Lin YH, Tsai MS. An advanced home energy management system facilitated by nonintrusive load monitoring with automated multiobjective power scheduling. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2015 Jan 20;6(4):1839-51.
13. Abubakar I, Khalid SN, Mustafa MW, Shareef H, Mustapha M. Application of load monitoring in appliances’ energy management–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017 Jan 1;67:235-45.
14. Hosseini SS, Agbossou K, Kelouwani S, Cardenas A. Non-intrusive load monitoring through home energy management systems: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017 Nov 1;79:1266-74.
15. Karthick T, Chandrasekaran K. Design of IoT based smart compact energy meter for monitoring and controlling the usage of energy and power quality issues with demand side management for a commercial building. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks. 2021 Jun 1;26:100454.
16. Moradzadeh A, Sadeghian O, Pourhossein K, Mohammadi-Ivatloo B, Anvari-Moghaddam A. Improving residential load disaggregation for sustainable development of energy via principal component analysis. Sustainability. 2020 Apr 14;12(8):3158.
17. Ethirajan V, Mangaiyarkarasi SP. An in-depth survey of latest progress in smart grids: paving the way for a sustainable future through renewable energy resources. Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology. 2025 Mar 25;12(1):9.
18. Rizwan A, Rasheed R, Javed H, Farid Q, Ahmad SR. Environmental sustainability and life cycle cost analysis of smart versus conventional energy meters in developing countries. Sustainable Materials and Technologies. 2022 Sep 1;33:e00464.
19. Reddy KS, Kumar M, Mallick TK, Sharon H, Lokeswaran S. A review of Integration, Control, Communication and Metering (ICCM) of renewable energy based smart grid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014 Oct 1;38:180-92.
20. Isanbaev V, Baños R, Martínez F, Alcayde A, Gil C. Monitoring energy and power quality of the loads in a microgrid laboratory using smart meters. Energies. 2024 Mar 6;17(5):1251.
21. Nambi SA, Papaioannou TG, Chakraborty D, Aberer K. Sustainable energy consumption monitoring in residential settings. In2013 Proceedings Ieee Infocom 2013 Apr 14 (pp. 3177-3182). Ieee.
22. Dalpiaz G, Longo A, Nardello M, Passerone R, Brunello D. A battery-free non-intrusive power meter for low-cost energy monitoring. In2018 IEEE Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) 2018 May 15 (pp. 653-658). IEEE.
23. Fulhu M, Mohamed M, Krumdieck S. Voluntary demand participation (VDP) for security of essential energy activities in remote communities with case study in Maldives. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2019 Apr 1;49:27-38.
24. Khooharo MA, Janjua NN, Soomro M. Efficient Load Control with Smart Meters (A Step Towards Grid Stability). In2024 IEEE 1st Karachi Section Humanitarian Technology Conference (KHI-HTC) 2024 Jan 8 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
25. Wu P, Mei X. Microgrids energy management considering net-zero energy concept: The role of renewable energy landscaping design and IoT modeling in digital twin realistic simulator. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2024 Mar 1; 63:103621.

The growing demand for accurate, cost-effective, and sustainable energy monitoring solutions has accelerated advancements in smart metering, non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), and real-time consumption analysis. This research paper consolidates and extends insights from recent developments in energy metering technologies, focusing on battery-free sensing, IoT- enabled monitoring, life-cycle sustainability, and meter performance under distorted grid conditions. Building upon prior work on non-intrusive and adaptive load monitoring, this study proposes an integrated smart energy metering framework aimed at improving residential and commercial energy efficiency in developing and developed regions. This study suggests a comprehensive and integrated smart energy metering framework intended to enhance residential, commercial, and small-scale industrial energy efficiency in both developed and developing regions, building on earlier research in adaptive and non-intrusive load monitoring techniques. In order to ensure dependable and maintenance-free long-term operation, the proposed system incorporates: (1) a low-cost, battery-free, non-intrusive power measurement methodology; (2) IoT-based data acquisition and cloud connectivity for real-time visualization, analytics, power quality assessment, and demand-side management; and (3) a sustainability-oriented design approach supported by life-cycle cost analysis comparing smart and conventional metering systems. The system incorporates: (1) a low-cost, battery-free non-intrusive power measurement approach for reliable long-term monitoring; (2) IOT-based data acquisition for real-time visualization, power quality assessment, and demand-side management; and (3) a sustainability- driven design informed by life cycle cost analysis of smart versus conventional meters. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that smart metering solutions significantly enhance consumption awareness, support appliance-level load identification, and maintain accuracy even under non sinusoidal grid conditions. The proposed framework highlights the environmental and economic benefits of transitioning to advanced smart metering infrastructures and emphasizes their potential to promote energy conservation, optimize grid reliability, and support sustainable development goals.

Keywords- Battery-Free Power Meter, Load Identification, Smart Energy Metering, Sustainable Energy Management, Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM).

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1.  Nebrida AP, Amador CD, Madiam CM, Ranche GJ. Development of smart meter to monitor real time energy consumption for sustainability. International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology. 2023 Oct 15;14(4):28-39.
2.  Ortiz A, Lehtonen M, Mañana M, Renedo C, Eguíluz LI. Energy meter behavior under non- sinusoidal conditions. Renew. Energy Power Qual. J. 2004;1:296.
3. Perekalskiy IN, Kokin SE. Development of a smart electricity meter for households based on existing infrastructure. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020 Jun 1 (Vol. 510, No. 2, p. 022006). IOP Publishing.
4. Labib L, Billah M, Sultan Mahmud Rana GM, Sadat MN, Kibria MG, Islam MR. Design and implementation of low‐cost universal smart energy meter with demand side load management. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2017 Nov;11(16):3938-45.
5. Javed N, Shafi MA, Khan N, Khan M. Design of a smart energy meter with overload trip facilities. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology. 2017 Aug;6(6):107-17.
6. Tsai MS, Lin YH. Modern development of an adaptive non-intrusive appliance load monitoring system in electricity energy conservation. Applied Energy. 2012 Aug 1;96:55-73.
7. Okomba NS, Awoyemi T. Development of an android-based energy meter reading with load control monitoring. LAUTECH Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2025 Sep 16;19(4):48-56.
8. Munoz O, Ruelas A, Rosales-Escobedo PF, Acuña A, Suastegui A, Lara F, Reyes-Zamora RA, Rocha A. Development of an IoT smart energy meter with power quality features for a smart grid architecture. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems. 2024 Sep 1; 43:100990.
9. Viciana E, Alcayde A, Montoya FG, Baños R, Arrabal-Campos FM, Zapata-Sierra A, Manzano- Agugliaro F. OpenZmeter: An efficient low-cost energy smart meter and power quality analyzer. Sustainability. 2018 Nov 4;10(11):4038.
10. Bariah L, Mohjazi L, Muhaidat S, Sofotasios PC, Kurt GK, Yanikomeroglu H, Dobre OA. A prospective look: Key enabling technologies, applications and open research topics in 6G networks. IEEE access. 2020 Aug 26;8:174792-820.
11. Shahriar H, Islam MS, Jahin MA, Ridoy IA, Prottoy RR, Abid A, Mridha MF. Exploring internet of things adoption challenges in manufacturing firms: A Delphi fuzzy analytical hierarchy process approach. PloS one. 2024 Nov 4;19(11):e0311643.
12. Lin YH, Tsai MS. An advanced home energy management system facilitated by nonintrusive load monitoring with automated multiobjective power scheduling. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2015 Jan 20;6(4):1839-51.
13. Abubakar I, Khalid SN, Mustafa MW, Shareef H, Mustapha M. Application of load monitoring in appliances’ energy management–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017 Jan 1;67:235-45.
14. Hosseini SS, Agbossou K, Kelouwani S, Cardenas A. Non-intrusive load monitoring through home energy management systems: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017 Nov 1;79:1266-74.
15. Karthick T, Chandrasekaran K. Design of IoT based smart compact energy meter for monitoring and controlling the usage of energy and power quality issues with demand side management for a commercial building. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks. 2021 Jun 1;26:100454.
16. Moradzadeh A, Sadeghian O, Pourhossein K, Mohammadi-Ivatloo B, Anvari-Moghaddam A. Improving residential load disaggregation for sustainable development of energy via principal component analysis. Sustainability. 2020 Apr 14;12(8):3158.
17. Ethirajan V, Mangaiyarkarasi SP. An in-depth survey of latest progress in smart grids: paving the way for a sustainable future through renewable energy resources. Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology. 2025 Mar 25;12(1):9.
18. Rizwan A, Rasheed R, Javed H, Farid Q, Ahmad SR. Environmental sustainability and life cycle cost analysis of smart versus conventional energy meters in developing countries. Sustainable Materials and Technologies. 2022 Sep 1;33:e00464.
19. Reddy KS, Kumar M, Mallick TK, Sharon H, Lokeswaran S. A review of Integration, Control, Communication and Metering (ICCM) of renewable energy based smart grid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014 Oct 1;38:180-92.
20. Isanbaev V, Baños R, Martínez F, Alcayde A, Gil C. Monitoring energy and power quality of the loads in a microgrid laboratory using smart meters. Energies. 2024 Mar 6;17(5):1251.
21. Nambi SA, Papaioannou TG, Chakraborty D, Aberer K. Sustainable energy consumption monitoring in residential settings. In2013 Proceedings Ieee Infocom 2013 Apr 14 (pp. 3177-3182). Ieee.
22. Dalpiaz G, Longo A, Nardello M, Passerone R, Brunello D. A battery-free non-intrusive power meter for low-cost energy monitoring. In2018 IEEE Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) 2018 May 15 (pp. 653-658). IEEE.
23. Fulhu M, Mohamed M, Krumdieck S. Voluntary demand participation (VDP) for security of essential energy activities in remote communities with case study in Maldives. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2019 Apr 1;49:27-38.
24. Khooharo MA, Janjua NN, Soomro M. Efficient Load Control with Smart Meters (A Step Towards Grid Stability). In2024 IEEE 1st Karachi Section Humanitarian Technology Conference (KHI-HTC) 2024 Jan 8 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
25. Wu P, Mei X. Microgrids energy management considering net-zero energy concept: The role of renewable energy landscaping design and IoT modeling in digital twin realistic simulator. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2024 Mar 1; 63:103621.