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By: Louay Al‑Nuaimy, Zuhair Hussein, Mahammad Mastan, and G. Jai Arul Jose
Machine learning has emerged as a key driver of innovation across a wide range of fields. Its transformative potential is evident in natural language processing, computer vision, and real-time automation, where it addresses intricate challenges with remarkable efficiency. This paper delves into recent developments in machine learning, spotlighting techniques, such as semi-supervised learning frameworks, stable diffusion models for generative tasks, and advanced lightweight architecture for real-time defection detection. By integrating these methods, industries have achieved significant improvements in computational accuracy, resource optimization, and adaptability. Notable applications include vehicle re-identification in smart city ecosystems, anomaly detection in dynamic video surveillance environments, and zero-shot stance detection in sentiment analysis. Despite these advancements, several challenges persist. These include the dependency on high-quality labeled data, the complexities of suppressing noise in cross-domain tasks, and the computational costs associated with large-scale models. This review not only consolidates state-of-the-art methodologies but also highlights their interdisciplinary applications, from enhancing urban mobility to improving industrial production systems. Furthermore, the paper identifies potential research directions, such as integrating multi-modal data sources, reducing reliance on labeled datasets, and innovating lightweight model architectures to bridge gaps in efficiency and scalability. In doing so, this synthesis provides a comprehensive roadmap for advancing the field of machine learning while addressing its limitations
Keywords: Machine learning, generative models, semi-supervised learning, real-time detection, data analytics
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