This study sheds light on the far-reaching and complex effects of environmental changes on human health and livelihood. It identifies significant associations between pollutants, such as PM2.5 and NO₂ with chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and mental health disorders like anxiety and depression. Such findings underscore the urgent need for efforts to rectify socio-economic repercussions of changes in the environment, including workforce displacement, migration, and fragmentation of social structures. It further underlines the important policy gaps that exist in poor and rural settings, where there is still insufficient enforcement and awareness of environmental policies. Through this research, integration of advanced modeling techniques, including predictive analysis and systems thinking, provides an opportunity to propose innovative and interdisciplinary approaches that address the multiple challenges that have been created through environmental changes. It requires a much more stringent policy but with effective enforcement and real-time air quality monitoring, and well-organized public awareness campaigns to mitigate the adverse effects of pollutants on health and society. For this reason, the study underlines the importance of building resilience through sustainable practices and collaborative policymaking that bridges environmental science, public health, and socio-economic development. Finally, this research is meant to add towards the development of actionable strategies that would place human well-being, environmental protection, and growth in a sustainable proposition within an increasingly threatening environmental scenario.

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1. Hong P, Schmid B, De Laender F, Eisenhauer N, Zhang X, Chen H, et al. Biodiversity promotes ecosystem functioning despite environmental change. Ecology letters. 2022 Feb;25(2):555–69.
2. Jurgilevich A, Käyhkö J, Räsänen A, Pörsti S, Lagström H, Käyhkö J, et al. Factors influencing vulnerability to climate change-related health impacts in cities–A conceptual framework. Environment International. 2023 Mar 1;173:107837.
3. Aubry TJ, Farquharson JI, Rowell CR, Watt SF, Pinel V, Beckett F, et al. Impact of climate change on volcanic processes: current understanding and future challenges. Bulletin of Volcanology. 2022 May 18;84(6):58.
4. Wilson MP, Foulger GR, Saville C, Graham SP, Julian BR. Earthquake weather and climate change: Should we stress about the forecast?
5. Alhamid AK, Akiyama M, Ishibashi H, Aoki K, Koshimura S, Frangopol DM. Framework for probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment considering the effects of sea-level rise due to climate change. Structural Safety. 2022 Jan 1;94:102152.
6. Leon M, Cornejo G, Calderón M, González-Carrión E, Florez H. Effect of deforestation on climate change: A co-integration and causality approach with time series. Sustainability. 2022 Sep 9;14(18):11303.
7. Jean Louis M, Crosato A, Mosselman E, Maskey S. Effects of urbanization and deforestation on flooding: Case study of Cap‐Haïtien City, Haiti. Journal of Flood Risk Management. 2024 Dec;17(4):e13020.
8. Alahmad B, Khraishah H, Althalji K, Borchert W, Al-Mulla F, Koutrakis P. Connections between air pollution, climate change, and cardiovascular health. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2023 Sep 1;39(9):1182–90.
9. Voumik LC, Sultana T. Impact of urbanization, industrialization, electrification and renewable energy on the environment in BRICS: fresh evidence from novel CS-ARDL model. Heliyon. 2022 Nov 1;8(11).
10. Lamb WF, Grubb M, Diluiso F, Minx JC. Countries with sustained greenhouse gas emissions reductions: an analysis of trends and progress by sector. Climate Policy. 2022 Jan 14;22(1):1–7.
11. Khraishah H, Alahmad B, Ostergard Jr RL, AlAshqar A, Albaghdadi M, Vellanki N, et al. Climate change and cardiovascular disease: implications for global health. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2022 Dec;19(12):798–812.
12. Habib-ur-Rahman M, Ahmad A, Raza A, Hasnain MU, Alharby HF, Alzahrani YM, et al. Impact of climate change on agricultural production; Issues, challenges, and opportunities in Asia. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2022 Oct 10;13:925548.
13. Argyroudis SA, Mitoulis SA, Chatzi E, Baker JW, Brilakis I, Gkoumas K, et al. Digital technologies can enhance climate resilience of critical infrastructure. Climate Risk Management. 2022 Jan 1;35:100387.
14. Rusmayandi G, Hertini ES, Harahap MA, Nugroho RJ. Climate change, agricultural production, food security, and livelihoods of rural communities in rural districts: A qualitative approach. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies. 2023;1(03):102–10.
15. Sopiana Y, Harahap MA. Sustainable Urban Planning: A Holistic Approach to Balancing Environmental Conservation, Economic Development, and Social Wellbeing. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies. 2023;1(02):43–53.
16. Savin I, Creutzig F, Filatova T, Foramitti J, Konc T, Niamir L, et al. Agent‐based modeling to integrate elements from different disciplines for ambitious climate policy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2023 Mar;14(2):e811.
17. Rweyendela AG, Pauline NM, Lema GA. Strategic environmental assessment for low-carbon development: A case study of oil and gas planning in Tanzania. Environmental Development. 2023 Mar 1;45:100829.
18. Newman R, Noy I. The global costs of extreme weather that are attributable to climate change. Nature Communications. 2023 Sep 29;14(1):6103.
19. Yang M, Chen L, Wang J, Msigwa G, Osman AI, Fawzy S, et al. Circular economy strategies for combating climate change and other environmental issues. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2023 Feb;21(1):55–80.
20. Schwartz SE, Benoit L, Clayton S, Parnes MF, Swenson L, Lowe SR. Climate change anxiety and mental health: Environmental activism as buffer. Current Psychology. 2023 Jul;42(20):16708–21.
21. Skakkebæk NE, Lindahl-Jacobsen R, Levine H, Andersson AM, Jørgensen N, Main KM, et al. Environmental factors in declining human fertility. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2022 Mar;18(3):139–57.
22. Samal K, Mahapatra S, Ali MH. Pharmaceutical wastewater as Emerging Contaminants (EC): Treatment technologies, impact on environment and human health. Energy Nexus. 2022 Jun 16;6:100076.
23. Uralovich KS, Toshmamatovich TU, Kubayevich KF, Sapaev IB, Saylaubaevna SS, Beknazarova ZF, et al. A primary factor in sustainable development and environmental sustainability is environmental education. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2023;21(4):965–75.
24. Destouet C, Tlahig H, Bettayeb B, Mazari B. Flexible job shop scheduling problem under Industry 5.0: A survey on human reintegration, environmental consideration and resilience improvement. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 2023 Apr 1;67:155–73.

This study sheds light on the far-reaching and complex effects of environmental changes on human health and livelihood. It identifies significant associations between pollutants, such as PM2.5 and NO₂ with chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and mental health disorders like anxiety and depression. Such findings underscore the urgent need for efforts to rectify socio-economic repercussions of changes in the environment, including workforce displacement, migration, and fragmentation of social structures. It further underlines the important policy gaps that exist in poor and rural settings, where there is still insufficient enforcement and awareness of environmental policies. Through this research, integration of advanced modeling techniques, including predictive analysis and systems thinking, provides an opportunity to propose innovative and interdisciplinary approaches that address the multiple challenges that have been created through environmental changes. It requires a much more stringent policy but with effective enforcement and real-time air quality monitoring, and well-organized public awareness campaigns to mitigate the adverse effects of pollutants on health and society. For this reason, the study underlines the importance of building resilience through sustainable practices and collaborative policymaking that bridges environmental science, public health, and socio-economic development. Finally, this research is meant to add towards the development of actionable strategies that would place human well-being, environmental protection, and growth in a sustainable proposition within an increasingly threatening environmental scenario.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Hong P, Schmid B, De Laender F, Eisenhauer N, Zhang X, Chen H, et al. Biodiversity promotes ecosystem functioning despite environmental change. Ecology letters. 2022 Feb;25(2):555–69.
2. Jurgilevich A, Käyhkö J, Räsänen A, Pörsti S, Lagström H, Käyhkö J, et al. Factors influencing vulnerability to climate change-related health impacts in cities–A conceptual framework. Environment International. 2023 Mar 1;173:107837.
3. Aubry TJ, Farquharson JI, Rowell CR, Watt SF, Pinel V, Beckett F, et al. Impact of climate change on volcanic processes: current understanding and future challenges. Bulletin of Volcanology. 2022 May 18;84(6):58.
4. Wilson MP, Foulger GR, Saville C, Graham SP, Julian BR. Earthquake weather and climate change: Should we stress about the forecast?
5. Alhamid AK, Akiyama M, Ishibashi H, Aoki K, Koshimura S, Frangopol DM. Framework for probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment considering the effects of sea-level rise due to climate change. Structural Safety. 2022 Jan 1;94:102152.
6. Leon M, Cornejo G, Calderón M, González-Carrión E, Florez H. Effect of deforestation on climate change: A co-integration and causality approach with time series. Sustainability. 2022 Sep 9;14(18):11303.
7. Jean Louis M, Crosato A, Mosselman E, Maskey S. Effects of urbanization and deforestation on flooding: Case study of Cap‐Haïtien City, Haiti. Journal of Flood Risk Management. 2024 Dec;17(4):e13020.
8. Alahmad B, Khraishah H, Althalji K, Borchert W, Al-Mulla F, Koutrakis P. Connections between air pollution, climate change, and cardiovascular health. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2023 Sep 1;39(9):1182–90.
9. Voumik LC, Sultana T. Impact of urbanization, industrialization, electrification and renewable energy on the environment in BRICS: fresh evidence from novel CS-ARDL model. Heliyon. 2022 Nov 1;8(11).
10. Lamb WF, Grubb M, Diluiso F, Minx JC. Countries with sustained greenhouse gas emissions reductions: an analysis of trends and progress by sector. Climate Policy. 2022 Jan 14;22(1):1–7.
11. Khraishah H, Alahmad B, Ostergard Jr RL, AlAshqar A, Albaghdadi M, Vellanki N, et al. Climate change and cardiovascular disease: implications for global health. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2022 Dec;19(12):798–812.
12. Habib-ur-Rahman M, Ahmad A, Raza A, Hasnain MU, Alharby HF, Alzahrani YM, et al. Impact of climate change on agricultural production; Issues, challenges, and opportunities in Asia. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2022 Oct 10;13:925548.
13. Argyroudis SA, Mitoulis SA, Chatzi E, Baker JW, Brilakis I, Gkoumas K, et al. Digital technologies can enhance climate resilience of critical infrastructure. Climate Risk Management. 2022 Jan 1;35:100387.
14. Rusmayandi G, Hertini ES, Harahap MA, Nugroho RJ. Climate change, agricultural production, food security, and livelihoods of rural communities in rural districts: A qualitative approach. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies. 2023;1(03):102–10.
15. Sopiana Y, Harahap MA. Sustainable Urban Planning: A Holistic Approach to Balancing Environmental Conservation, Economic Development, and Social Wellbeing. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies. 2023;1(02):43–53.
16. Savin I, Creutzig F, Filatova T, Foramitti J, Konc T, Niamir L, et al. Agent‐based modeling to integrate elements from different disciplines for ambitious climate policy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2023 Mar;14(2):e811.
17. Rweyendela AG, Pauline NM, Lema GA. Strategic environmental assessment for low-carbon development: A case study of oil and gas planning in Tanzania. Environmental Development. 2023 Mar 1;45:100829.
18. Newman R, Noy I. The global costs of extreme weather that are attributable to climate change. Nature Communications. 2023 Sep 29;14(1):6103.
19. Yang M, Chen L, Wang J, Msigwa G, Osman AI, Fawzy S, et al. Circular economy strategies for combating climate change and other environmental issues. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2023 Feb;21(1):55–80.
20. Schwartz SE, Benoit L, Clayton S, Parnes MF, Swenson L, Lowe SR. Climate change anxiety and mental health: Environmental activism as buffer. Current Psychology. 2023 Jul;42(20):16708–21.
21. Skakkebæk NE, Lindahl-Jacobsen R, Levine H, Andersson AM, Jørgensen N, Main KM, et al. Environmental factors in declining human fertility. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2022 Mar;18(3):139–57.
22. Samal K, Mahapatra S, Ali MH. Pharmaceutical wastewater as Emerging Contaminants (EC): Treatment technologies, impact on environment and human health. Energy Nexus. 2022 Jun 16;6:100076.
23. Uralovich KS, Toshmamatovich TU, Kubayevich KF, Sapaev IB, Saylaubaevna SS, Beknazarova ZF, et al. A primary factor in sustainable development and environmental sustainability is environmental education. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2023;21(4):965–75.
24. Destouet C, Tlahig H, Bettayeb B, Mazari B. Flexible job shop scheduling problem under Industry 5.0: A survey on human reintegration, environmental consideration and resilience improvement. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 2023 Apr 1;67:155–73.