Insecurity and scarcity of resources lead to war and conflict as seen in Ukraine and Gaza. To prevent the dangerous effects of resource crises, especially, energy, it is imperative to invent energy sources at a war footing.The present review article is a serious attempt in that path. Super capacitors, especially, the electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are potential energy storage devices that could be a substitute to fossil fuels. Yet, the challenges are the sustainability, economic viability and environmental friendliness apart from the far far higher expectations pertaining to the electrochemical performance (volumetric capacitance value as high as 600 F/cm³). The afore mentioned challenges can be surmounted by using the electrodes for super capcitors based on peculiar carbon materials derived from renewable sources like biomass with high spin concentration (a parameter indicative of electrical conductivity), rich in hetero atom (nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur) functionality and favourable textural properties. Based on the existing challenges in the field, it is proposed to exploit waste land weeds, native of India, namely, Calotropis gigantea, Ipomoea carnea as well as agricultural wastes from Borassus flabellifera and Limonea ascidissima for the production of exotic carbon materials with high spin concentrations for EDLC electrode applications.

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1. Pulidindi IN, Crystallinity of Commercial Carbon Fibers from X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Studies. IJPPR. 2024; 1(1)17–27p.
2. Pulidindi, IN. Gedanken, A. Surface Modification of Carbon Fibers. Preprints 2023; 2023082053.
3. Pulidindi IN. Development and exploitation of carbon materials from plant sources. Ph D thesis, IIT Madras, India. December 2009.
4. Viswanathan B, Indra Neel P, Varadarajan TK. Development of carbon materials for energy and environmental applications. Catal Surv from Asia, 2009; 13:164-83p.
5. Balasubramanian V, Neel PI, Varadarajan TK. Preparation of activated carbon from botanical source. Indian Patent No. IN200700376-I4, Patent Assignee: Indian Inst Technol Madras.
6. Wei W, Liu W, Chen ZJ, Xiao R, Zhang Y, Du C, Wan L, Xie MJ, Chen J, Tian ZF. Template-assisted construction of N, O-doped mesoporous carbon nanosheet from hydroxyquinoline-Zn complex for high-performance aqueous symmetric supercapacitor. Appl surf sci. 2020; 509:144921.
7. Wei W, Chen ZJ, Zhang Y, Chen J, Wan L, Du C, Xie MJ, Guo XF. Full-faradaic-active nitrogen species doping enables high-energy-density carbon-based supercapacitor. J Energy Chem. 2020; 48:277–84p.
8. Xie MJ, Meng H, Chen J, Zhang Y, Du C, Wan L, Chen YC. High-Volumetric Supercapacitor Performance of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Electrodes Enabled by the Faradaic-Active Nitrogen Doping and Decrease of Microporosity. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2021; 4:1840−50p.
9. Xie MJ, Xiao R, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Du C, Wan L, Chen J. Superhydrophilicity and ultrahigh-rate supercapacitor performances enabled by mesoporous carbon doped with conjugated hydroxyl. J. Energy Storage. 2021; 43:103296.
10. Wang X, Chen SY, Liu C, Yub Y, Xie MJ, Guo XF. High-temperature deoxygenation-created highly porous graphitic carbon nanosheets for ultrahigh-rate supercapacitive energy storage. J Energy Chem. 2022; 71:521–27p.
11. Yao YS, Zhou R, Yu Y, Chen J, Du C, Zhang Y, Long T. Wan L, Wang QY, Xie MJ. Solvent-freely polymerizing catechol and paraformaldehyde to nitrogen-rich carbon for high-volumetric-performance supercapacitor. Chem Eng J. 2023:472:144905
12. Bojarajan AK, Girirajan M, Pulidindi IN, Hui KN, Sangaraju S. An insight into the nanoarchitecture of electrode materials on the performance of supercapacitors. Coordin chem rev. 2024; 518:216080.
13. Aumond T, Vezin H, Batonneau-Gener I, Compere S, Pouilloux Y, Person AL, Moissette A, Sachse A. Acidity: A key parameter in zeolite-templated carbon formation. Small. 2023; 19:2300972.
14. Chen YR, Wang XY, Wang XY. Recent Advances in Biomass Waste Derived Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors: A Review. Energy technol. 2024; 12 (6):2301436.
15. Zhang M, Peng LH. Research progress of biomass-derived carbon for the supercapacitors, Mater. Res. Express. 2024; 11:012004.
16. Yang HW, Lin HH, Yang CL, Hu H , Dong HW , Liu YL, Liu XG, Cui JG, Xiao Y. Structural regulation of carbon materials through hydrothermal mixing of biomass and its application in supercapacitors. J Energy Storage. 2024; 83:110688.
17. Yuan C, Xu H, El-khodary SA, Ni GS, Esakkimuthu SK, Zhong S, Wang SA. Recent advances and challenges in biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitors: A review. Fuel. 2024; 362;130795.
18. Liu LQ, Zhang W, Lu B, Cheng ZB, Cao HB, Li JW, Fan ZY, An XG. Controllable heteroatoms doped electrodes engineered by biomass based carbon for advanced supercapacitors: A review. Biomass Bioenergy 2024; 186:107265.
19. Bai YL, Zhang CC, Rong F, Guo ZX, Wang KX. Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage. Chem Eur J. 2024; 30:e202304157.
20. Lu CX, Yu ZS,, Zhang XK, Ma XQ. ZnCl2-KOH modulation of biomass-derived porous carbon for supercapacitors, Energy sources, part A: recovery, utilization, and environmental effects. 2024; 46 (1):2212–22p.
21. Victor A, Sharma P, Pulidindi IN, Gedanken A. Levulinic Acid Is a Key Strategic Chemical from Biomass. Catalysts. 2022; 12:909.
22. Adolfsson KH, Huang P, Golda-Cepa M, Xu H, Kotarba A, Hakkarainen, M. Scavenging of DPPH by persistent free radicals in carbonized particles. Advanced sustainable systems. 2023; 7:2200425.
23. Zhang YF, Huang H, Ning XW, Li W, Fan Z, Pan LJ. Understanding the relationship between the geometrical structure of interfacial water and operating voltage window in graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene-based supercapacitors. Carbon. 2022; 195:341-48p.
24. Yao L, Lin JS, Yang HT, Wu Q, Wang DR, Li XJ, Deng LB, Zheng ZJ. Two-dimensional hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets for flexible aqueous supercapcitors with high volumetric capacitance. Nanoscale. 2019; 11 (23):11086-92p.
25. Zhou JS, Hou L, Lian J, Chgn WB, Wang D, Gou, HY, Gao F. Nitrogen-doped highly dense but porous carbon microspheres with ultrahigh volumetric capacitance and rate capability for supercapacitors. J Mat Chem A. 2019; 7 (2):476-85p.
26. Mao ZX, Wang CY, Shan QY, Wang MJ, Zhang YX. Ding W, Chen SG. Li L, Li J, Wei ZD. An unusual low-surface area nitrogen doped carbon for ultrahigh gravimetric and volumetric capacitances. J Mater Chem A. 2018; 6 (19):8868-73p.
27. Ding CF, Liu TY, Yang XD, Huang LB, Ryu SO, Lan JL, Yu YH, Zhong WH. Yang XP. An ultra-microporous carbon material boosting integrated capacitance for cellulose based supercapacitors. Nano micro let. 2020; 12 (1).

Insecurity and scarcity of resources lead to war and conflict as seen in Ukraine and Gaza. To prevent the dangerous effects of resource crises, especially, energy, it is imperative to invent energy sources at a war footing.The present review article is a serious attempt in that path. Super capacitors, especially, the electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are potential energy storage devices that could be a substitute to fossil fuels. Yet, the challenges are the sustainability, economic viability and environmental friendliness apart from the far far higher expectations pertaining to the electrochemical performance (volumetric capacitance value as high as 600 F/cm³). The afore mentioned challenges can be surmounted by using the electrodes for super capcitors based on peculiar carbon materials derived from renewable sources like biomass with high spin concentration (a parameter indicative of electrical conductivity), rich in hetero atom (nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur) functionality and favourable textural properties. Based on the existing challenges in the field, it is proposed to exploit waste land weeds, native of India, namely, Calotropis gigantea, Ipomoea carnea as well as agricultural wastes from Borassus flabellifera and Limonea ascidissima for the production of exotic carbon materials with high spin concentrations for EDLC electrode applications.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Pulidindi IN, Crystallinity of Commercial Carbon Fibers from X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Studies. IJPPR. 2024; 1(1)17–27p.
2. Pulidindi, IN. Gedanken, A. Surface Modification of Carbon Fibers. Preprints 2023; 2023082053.
3. Pulidindi IN. Development and exploitation of carbon materials from plant sources. Ph D thesis, IIT Madras, India. December 2009.
4. Viswanathan B, Indra Neel P, Varadarajan TK. Development of carbon materials for energy and environmental applications. Catal Surv from Asia, 2009; 13:164-83p.
5. Balasubramanian V, Neel PI, Varadarajan TK. Preparation of activated carbon from botanical source. Indian Patent No. IN200700376-I4, Patent Assignee: Indian Inst Technol Madras.
6. Wei W, Liu W, Chen ZJ, Xiao R, Zhang Y, Du C, Wan L, Xie MJ, Chen J, Tian ZF. Template-assisted construction of N, O-doped mesoporous carbon nanosheet from hydroxyquinoline-Zn complex for high-performance aqueous symmetric supercapacitor. Appl surf sci. 2020; 509:144921.
7. Wei W, Chen ZJ, Zhang Y, Chen J, Wan L, Du C, Xie MJ, Guo XF. Full-faradaic-active nitrogen species doping enables high-energy-density carbon-based supercapacitor. J Energy Chem. 2020; 48:277–84p.
8. Xie MJ, Meng H, Chen J, Zhang Y, Du C, Wan L, Chen YC. High-Volumetric Supercapacitor Performance of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Electrodes Enabled by the Faradaic-Active Nitrogen Doping and Decrease of Microporosity. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2021; 4:1840−50p.
9. Xie MJ, Xiao R, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Du C, Wan L, Chen J. Superhydrophilicity and ultrahigh-rate supercapacitor performances enabled by mesoporous carbon doped with conjugated hydroxyl. J. Energy Storage. 2021; 43:103296.
10. Wang X, Chen SY, Liu C, Yub Y, Xie MJ, Guo XF. High-temperature deoxygenation-created highly porous graphitic carbon nanosheets for ultrahigh-rate supercapacitive energy storage. J Energy Chem. 2022; 71:521–27p.
11. Yao YS, Zhou R, Yu Y, Chen J, Du C, Zhang Y, Long T. Wan L, Wang QY, Xie MJ. Solvent-freely polymerizing catechol and paraformaldehyde to nitrogen-rich carbon for high-volumetric-performance supercapacitor. Chem Eng J. 2023:472:144905
12. Bojarajan AK, Girirajan M, Pulidindi IN, Hui KN, Sangaraju S. An insight into the nanoarchitecture of electrode materials on the performance of supercapacitors. Coordin chem rev. 2024; 518:216080.
13. Aumond T, Vezin H, Batonneau-Gener I, Compere S, Pouilloux Y, Person AL, Moissette A, Sachse A. Acidity: A key parameter in zeolite-templated carbon formation. Small. 2023; 19:2300972.
14. Chen YR, Wang XY, Wang XY. Recent Advances in Biomass Waste Derived Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors: A Review. Energy technol. 2024; 12 (6):2301436.
15. Zhang M, Peng LH. Research progress of biomass-derived carbon for the supercapacitors, Mater. Res. Express. 2024; 11:012004.
16. Yang HW, Lin HH, Yang CL, Hu H , Dong HW , Liu YL, Liu XG, Cui JG, Xiao Y. Structural regulation of carbon materials through hydrothermal mixing of biomass and its application in supercapacitors. J Energy Storage. 2024; 83:110688.
17. Yuan C, Xu H, El-khodary SA, Ni GS, Esakkimuthu SK, Zhong S, Wang SA. Recent advances and challenges in biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitors: A review. Fuel. 2024; 362;130795.
18. Liu LQ, Zhang W, Lu B, Cheng ZB, Cao HB, Li JW, Fan ZY, An XG. Controllable heteroatoms doped electrodes engineered by biomass based carbon for advanced supercapacitors: A review. Biomass Bioenergy 2024; 186:107265.
19. Bai YL, Zhang CC, Rong F, Guo ZX, Wang KX. Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage. Chem Eur J. 2024; 30:e202304157.
20. Lu CX, Yu ZS,, Zhang XK, Ma XQ. ZnCl2-KOH modulation of biomass-derived porous carbon for supercapacitors, Energy sources, part A: recovery, utilization, and environmental effects. 2024; 46 (1):2212–22p.
21. Victor A, Sharma P, Pulidindi IN, Gedanken A. Levulinic Acid Is a Key Strategic Chemical from Biomass. Catalysts. 2022; 12:909.
22. Adolfsson KH, Huang P, Golda-Cepa M, Xu H, Kotarba A, Hakkarainen, M. Scavenging of DPPH by persistent free radicals in carbonized particles. Advanced sustainable systems. 2023; 7:2200425.
23. Zhang YF, Huang H, Ning XW, Li W, Fan Z, Pan LJ. Understanding the relationship between the geometrical structure of interfacial water and operating voltage window in graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene-based supercapacitors. Carbon. 2022; 195:341-48p.
24. Yao L, Lin JS, Yang HT, Wu Q, Wang DR, Li XJ, Deng LB, Zheng ZJ. Two-dimensional hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets for flexible aqueous supercapcitors with high volumetric capacitance. Nanoscale. 2019; 11 (23):11086-92p.
25. Zhou JS, Hou L, Lian J, Chgn WB, Wang D, Gou, HY, Gao F. Nitrogen-doped highly dense but porous carbon microspheres with ultrahigh volumetric capacitance and rate capability for supercapacitors. J Mat Chem A. 2019; 7 (2):476-85p.
26. Mao ZX, Wang CY, Shan QY, Wang MJ, Zhang YX. Ding W, Chen SG. Li L, Li J, Wei ZD. An unusual low-surface area nitrogen doped carbon for ultrahigh gravimetric and volumetric capacitances. J Mater Chem A. 2018; 6 (19):8868-73p.
27. Ding CF, Liu TY, Yang XD, Huang LB, Ryu SO, Lan JL, Yu YH, Zhong WH. Yang XP. An ultra-microporous carbon material boosting integrated capacitance for cellulose based supercapacitors. Nano micro let. 2020; 12 (1).