Luciana R. de S. Floresta, Adriana S. Silva, Jerusa M. de Oliveira, Dhandara E. de L. Sampaio, Auana R. da S. Andrade, Emilly Valentim de Souza, Thiago G. Lima, João Pedro L. F. de Almeida, Lucas Anhezini, Anielle Christine A. Silva | International Journal of Green Chemistry | Vol 11, Issue 01 | pp. 1-16 | ISSN: 2582-5925
Abstract
This review critically examines recent advances in the green synthesis of nanomaterials (NMs) and their diverse biological applications, with a focus on antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The reviewed studies evaluated key characteristics of green-synthesized NMs, including their size, shape, and concentrations, as assessed in both in vitro and in vivo biological models. Compared to traditional chemical methods, green synthesis demonstrated superior efficacy, enhanced biocompatibility, and reduced toxicity. For instance, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using plant extracts such as Zingiber officinale and Syzygium aromaticum exhibited robust antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Similarly, zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles synthesized with extracts like Ipomoea aquatica and Abutilon indicum displayed potent anticancer and anti- inflammatory effects. ZnO nanoparticles promoted apoptosis in cancer cells, while FeO nanoparticles exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to standard pharmaceuticals. AgNPs derived from plant extracts such as Ajuga iva and Pandanus tectorius demonstrated exceptional structural stability and cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines, including HeLa cells. Furthermore, metallic nanocomposites like Ag-ZnO showed enhanced cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). In vivo studies further highlighted the potential of eco- friendly NMs. AgNPs and SeNPs synthesized via green methods were evaluated in model organisms, including Danio rerio and Biomphalaria glabrata. These studies revealed low toxicity and promising therapeutic outcomes, underscoring the biomedical and environmental applicability of green-synthesized NMs. The incorporation of bioactive compounds from plant extracts not only stabilizes the NPsbut also enhances their biological properties, providing a synergistic effect that amplifies their therapeutic potential. The findings underscore the promise of green synthesis as a sustainable and efficient approach to developing multifunctional NMs. These eco-friendly nanomaterials offer significant advantages, including enhanced antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, with reduced environmental and biological toxicity. This review highlights their potential to address pressing challenges in treating bacterial infections, cancer, and inflammation, paving the way for innovative and sustainable therapeutic strategies.
Keywords
Nanoparticles, toxicity, eco-friendly, nanotoxicity, plant extracts.
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How to cite this article
@article{FlorestaLRDS2025,
author = {Luciana R. de S. Floresta and Adriana S. Silva and Jerusa M. de Oliveira and Dhandara E. de L. Sampaio and Auana R. da S. Andrade and Emilly Valentim de Souza and Thiago G. Lima and João Pedro L. F. de Almeida and Lucas Anhezini and Anielle Christine A. Silva},
title = {Nanomaterials via Green Synthesis: Insights into Biocompatibility and Biotechnological Applications},
journal = {International Journal of Green Chemistry},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {01},
pages = {1--16},
issn = {2582-5925},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijgc/article=14473}
}