An advanced and eco-friendly method for development of nanoparticles is the fundamental role of Nanotechnology. In recent times, the domain of nanotechnology and nanoscience research has witnessed remarkable advancement, resulting in its colloquial name "tiny science." The convergence of nanotechnology and biology leads to the emergence of a highly sophisticated domain known as nanobiotechnology. Nanoparticles are considered the primary structural units in nanotechnology. These particles, referred to as NPs, are typically sized between 1 and 100 nm and are composed of carbon, metal, metal oxides, or organic compounds. The biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) exhibits a range of favourable attributes, including cost-effectiveness, minimal environmental hazards, and a biological reduction process. As a result, it has emerged as an appealing alternative to chemical methods. Utilization of bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast, and plants characterizes the green approach. These green methods have been found to be safe as compared to the physical and chemical methods. The biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles have an unlimited range of biomedical applications. Their use has been increasing day by day in a variety of processes such as drug delivery, biosensors, gene delivery, wastewater treatment and many more. Access to clean and safe water is essential for the holistic development of society and a prosperous economy. Rapid population growth, increased industrialization, urbanization, and intensive agricultural activities have led to the production of wastewater, which has not only contaminated water sources but also made them hazardous. Countless individuals lose their lives annually as a result of illnesses transmitted by consuming water tainted with harmful pathogens. Nanoparticles exhibit a substantial surface to volume ratio, exceptional sensitivity and reactivity, a remarkable adsorption capacity, and ease of functionalization, making them well-suited for utilization in wastewater treatment. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles utilizing leaf extracts obtained from Azadirachta indica. The NPs' structural and optical properties were thoroughly investigated using UV-Visible spectroscopy [UV-Vis] and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy [FT-IR]. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs was evaluated using the paper disc diffusion method against coli formic bacteria. The results revealed that ZnO NPs synthesized with the aid of Azadirachta indica exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against pathogens. These findings suggest that the plant-based synthesis of NPs can serve as an excellent strategy for the development of versatile and eco-friendly bio medicinal products.

Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Nanoparticles, Zinc nanoparticles, Wastewater treatment, green synthesis.

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1. Nilavukkarasi, S. Vijayakumar, and S. Prathip kumar, “Capparis zeylanica mediated bio-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles as antimicrobial, photocatalytic and anti-cancer applications,” Materials Science for Energy Technologies, vol. 3, pp. 335–343, 2020.
2. Seyyed, H. M. Tabrizi, E. Behrouz, and J. Vahid, “Biosynthesis of pure zinc oxide nanoparticles using Quince seed mucilage for photocatalytic dye degradation,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 821, Article ID 153519, 2020.
3. Vijayakumar, P. Arulmozhi, N. Kumar, B. Sakthivel, S. Prathip Kumar, and P. K. Praseetha, “Acalypha fruticosal. leaf extract mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: characterization and antimicrobial activities,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 23, pp. 73–80, 2020.
4. Muthuvel, M. Jothibas, and C. Manoharan, “Effect of chemically synthesis compared to biosynthesized ZnO-NPs using Solanum nigrum leaf extract and their photocatalytic, antibacterial andin vitroantioxidant activity,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, Article ID 103705, 2020.
5. Niranjan, S. Saha, M. Chakraborty et al., “Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus subdariffa leaf extract: effect of temperature on synthesis, anti-bacterial activity and anti-diabetic activity,” RSC Advances, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 4993–5003, 2015.
6. M. Yusof, R. Mohamad, U. H. Zaidan, and N. A. A. Rahman, “Microbial synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their potential application as an antimicrobial agent and a feed supplement in animal industry: a review,” Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 57, 2019.
7. H. Huang, Y. Wu, H. Feick, N. Tran, E. Weber, and P. Yang, “Catalytic growth of zinc oxide nanowires by vapor transport,” Advanced Materials, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 113–116, 2001.
8. Fan and J. G. Lu, “Zinc oxide nanostructures: synthesis and properties,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1561–1573, 2005.
9. S. Lao, M.-C. Park, Q. Kuang et al., “Giant enhancement in UV response of ZnO nanobelts by polymer surface-functionalization,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 129, no. 40, pp. 12096-12097, 2007.
10. Wang, J. Liu, J. Song, and Z. L. Wang, “Integrated nanogenerators in biofluid,” Nano Letters, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 2475–2479, 2007.
11. Yang, W. Guo, Y. Zhang, Y. Ding, X. Wang, and Z. L. Wang, “Piezotronic effect on the output voltage of P3HT/ZnO micro/nanowire heterojunction solar cells,” Nano Letters, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 4812–4817, 2011.
12. Yakimova, “ZnO materials and surface tailoring for biosensing,” Frontiers in Bioscience, vol. E4, no. 1, pp. 254–278, 2012.
13. Zhou, N. S. Xu, and Z. L. Wang, “Dissolving behaviour and stability of ZnO wires in biofluids: a study on biodegradability and biocompatibility of ZnO nanostructures,” Advanced Materials, vol. 18, no. 18, pp. 2432–2435, 2006.
14. Zhang, T. Nayak, H. Hong, and W. Cai, “Biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanomaterials,” Current Molecular Medicine, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1633–1645, 2013.
15. Pandurangan and D. H. Kim, “In vitro toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 158, 2015.
16. T. Handago, A. Z. Enyew, and A. G. Bedasa, “Effects of Azadirachta indica leaf extract, capping agents, on the synthesis of pure and Cu doped ZnO-nanoparticles: a green approach and microbial activity,” Open Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 246–465, 2019.
17. J. Haque, M. M. Bellah, M. R. Hassan, and S. Rahman, “Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by two different methods & comparison of their structural, antibacterial, photocatalytic and optical properties,” Nano Express, vol. 1, no. 1, Article ID 010007, 2020.
18. Santhoshkumar, S. V. Kumar, S. Rajeshkumar, and G. Adaikalaraj, “Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant leaf extract against urinary tract infection pathogen,” Resource-Efficient Technologies, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 459–1651, 2017.
19. I. Rasli, H. Basri, and Z. Harun, “Zinc oxide from aloe vera extract: two-level factorial screening of biosynthesis parameters,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 1, Article ID e03156, 2020.
20. Chaudhary, N. Kumar, R. Kumar, and R. Kumar, “Antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Aloe vera peel extract,” SN Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 136, 2019.
21. Elumalai, S. Velmurugan, K. Ravi et al., “Bio-approach: plant mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their catalytic reduction of methylene blue and antimicrobial activity,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1639–1651, 2015.
22. Renata and D. Jolanta, “Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles using Trifolium pratense flower Extract,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 517–523, 2016.
23. Sharmila, C. Muthukumaran, K. S. Sandiya et al., “Biosynthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from Bauhinia tomentosaleaf extract,” Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 293–299, 2018.
24. Mohammad, M. Mahadevamurthy, P. Daruka et al., “Cinnamomum verumbark extract mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their antibacterial potentiality,” Biomolecules, vol. 10, pp. 134–336, 2020.
25. Shagufta, S. Amna, A. A. Aftab et al., “Green tea leaves mediated ZnO nanoparticles and its antimicrobial activity,” Cogent Chemistry, vol. 4, no. 1, Article ID 1469207, 2018.
26. Suresh, R. M. Shobharani, P. C. Nethravathi, M. A. P. Kumar, H. Nagabhushana, and S. Sharma, “Artocarpus gomezianus aided green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: luminescence, photocatalytic and antioxidant properties,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 141, pp. 128–164, 2015.
27. S. Shekhawat, C. P. Ravindran, and M. Manokari, “Biogenic production of zinc oxide nanoparticles from aqueous extracts ofDurantaerectaL,” World Scientific News, vol. 28, p. 30, 2016.
28. Elumalai, S. Velmurugan, S. Ravi, V. Kathiravan, and S. Ashokkumar, “Green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 143, pp. 158–164, 2015.
29. Solabomi, A. Yasmine, Z. Muchen et al., “Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using different plant extracts and their antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzaepv. Oryzae,”Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 341–352, 2019.
30. Demissie, M.G.; Sabir, F.K.; Edossa, G.D.; Gonfa, B.A. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Lippiaadoensis (koseret) and evaluation of its antibacterial activity. J. Chem. 2020, 2020, 7459042.
31. Ahmad, W.; Kalra, D. Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of ZnO nanoparticles using Euphorbia hirtaleaf extract. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 2020, 32, 2358–2364.
32. Naseer, M.; Aslam, U.; Khalid, B.; Chen, B. Green route to synthesize Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Cassia fistula and Melia azadarachta and their antibacterial potential. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 1–10.
33. Liu, D.; Liu, L.; Yao, L.; Peng, X.; Li, Y.; Jiang, T.; Kuang, H. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using radish root extract for effective wound dressing agents for diabetic foot ulcers in nursing care. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2019, 55, 101364.
34. Gul, A.; Fozia; Shaheen, A.; Ahmad, I.; Khattak, B.; Ahmad, M.; Ullah, R.; Bari, A.; Ali, S.S.; Alobaid, A.; et al. Green Synthesis, Characterization, Enzyme Inhibition, Antimicrobial Potential, and Cytotoxic Activity of Plant Mediated Silver Nanoparticle Using Ricinus communis Leaf and Root Extracts. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 206
35. Chan, J.Z.; Ali, R.R.; Shameli, K.; Salleh, M.S.N.; Lee, K.X.; Isa, E.M. Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using Aqueous Extract of Clitoria ternatea In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; IOP Publishing: London, UK, 2020; Volume 808.
36. Saygi, K.O.; Usta, C. Rosa canina waste seed extract-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of its antimutagenic action in Salmonella typhimurium. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2021, 266, 124537.
37. Akwu, N.A.; Naidoo, Y.; Singh, M.; Nund kumar, N.; Daniels, A.; Lin, J. Two Temperatures Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Grewia lasiocarpa Mey. ex-Harv. Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts: Characterization and Applications. Bio NanoScience 2021, 11, 142–158.
38. Isacfranklin, M.; Yuvakkumar, R.; Ravi, G.; Kumar, P.; Saravanakumar, B.; Velauthapillai, D.; Alahmadi, T.A.; Alharbi, S.A. Biomedical application of single anatase phase TiO2 nanoparticles with addition of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit peel extract. Appl. Nanosci. 2020, 11, 699–708.
39. M. Pranjali, M. P. Pooja, J. D. Maruti et al., “Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles by using polyol chemistry for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity,” Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, vol. 17, pp. 71–151, 2019.
40. Tayel, W. El-Tras, S. Moussa, A. El-Baz, and H. Mahrous, “Antibacterial action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against food borne pathogens,” Journal of Food Safety, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 211–218, 2011.
41. Soren, S. Kumar, S. Mishra et al., “Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant potential of the zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by aqueous and polyol method,”Microbial Pathogenesis, vol. 90, pp. 78–84, 2018.
42. Agarwal, S. Menon, S. V. Kumar, and S. Rajeshkumar, “Mechanistic study on antibacterial action of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using green route,” Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 286, pp. 60–70, 2018.
43. Jayaseelan, A. A. Rahuman, A. V. Kirthi, S. Marimuthu, T. Santhoshkumar, and A. Bagavan, “Novel microbial route to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Aeromonas hydrophila and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 90, pp. 78–84, 2012.

An advanced and eco-friendly method for development of nanoparticles is the fundamental role of Nanotechnology. In recent times, the domain of nanotechnology and nanoscience research has witnessed remarkable advancement, resulting in its colloquial name "tiny science." The convergence of nanotechnology and biology leads to the emergence of a highly sophisticated domain known as nanobiotechnology. Nanoparticles are considered the primary structural units in nanotechnology. These particles, referred to as NPs, are typically sized between 1 and 100 nm and are composed of carbon, metal, metal oxides, or organic compounds. The biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) exhibits a range of favourable attributes, including cost-effectiveness, minimal environmental hazards, and a biological reduction process. As a result, it has emerged as an appealing alternative to chemical methods. Utilization of bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast, and plants characterizes the green approach. These green methods have been found to be safe as compared to the physical and chemical methods. The biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles have an unlimited range of biomedical applications. Their use has been increasing day by day in a variety of processes such as drug delivery, biosensors, gene delivery, wastewater treatment and many more. Access to clean and safe water is essential for the holistic development of society and a prosperous economy. Rapid population growth, increased industrialization, urbanization, and intensive agricultural activities have led to the production of wastewater, which has not only contaminated water sources but also made them hazardous. Countless individuals lose their lives annually as a result of illnesses transmitted by consuming water tainted with harmful pathogens. Nanoparticles exhibit a substantial surface to volume ratio, exceptional sensitivity and reactivity, a remarkable adsorption capacity, and ease of functionalization, making them well-suited for utilization in wastewater treatment. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles utilizing leaf extracts obtained from Azadirachta indica. The NPs' structural and optical properties were thoroughly investigated using UV-Visible spectroscopy [UV-Vis] and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy [FT-IR]. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs was evaluated using the paper disc diffusion method against coli formic bacteria. The results revealed that ZnO NPs synthesized with the aid of Azadirachta indica exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against pathogens. These findings suggest that the plant-based synthesis of NPs can serve as an excellent strategy for the development of versatile and eco-friendly bio medicinal products.

Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Nanoparticles, Zinc nanoparticles, Wastewater treatment, green synthesis.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Nilavukkarasi, S. Vijayakumar, and S. Prathip kumar, “Capparis zeylanica mediated bio-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles as antimicrobial, photocatalytic and anti-cancer applications,” Materials Science for Energy Technologies, vol. 3, pp. 335–343, 2020.
2. Seyyed, H. M. Tabrizi, E. Behrouz, and J. Vahid, “Biosynthesis of pure zinc oxide nanoparticles using Quince seed mucilage for photocatalytic dye degradation,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 821, Article ID 153519, 2020.
3. Vijayakumar, P. Arulmozhi, N. Kumar, B. Sakthivel, S. Prathip Kumar, and P. K. Praseetha, “Acalypha fruticosal. leaf extract mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: characterization and antimicrobial activities,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 23, pp. 73–80, 2020.
4. Muthuvel, M. Jothibas, and C. Manoharan, “Effect of chemically synthesis compared to biosynthesized ZnO-NPs using Solanum nigrum leaf extract and their photocatalytic, antibacterial andin vitroantioxidant activity,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, Article ID 103705, 2020.
5. Niranjan, S. Saha, M. Chakraborty et al., “Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus subdariffa leaf extract: effect of temperature on synthesis, anti-bacterial activity and anti-diabetic activity,” RSC Advances, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 4993–5003, 2015.
6. M. Yusof, R. Mohamad, U. H. Zaidan, and N. A. A. Rahman, “Microbial synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their potential application as an antimicrobial agent and a feed supplement in animal industry: a review,” Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 57, 2019.
7. H. Huang, Y. Wu, H. Feick, N. Tran, E. Weber, and P. Yang, “Catalytic growth of zinc oxide nanowires by vapor transport,” Advanced Materials, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 113–116, 2001.
8. Fan and J. G. Lu, “Zinc oxide nanostructures: synthesis and properties,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1561–1573, 2005.
9. S. Lao, M.-C. Park, Q. Kuang et al., “Giant enhancement in UV response of ZnO nanobelts by polymer surface-functionalization,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 129, no. 40, pp. 12096-12097, 2007.
10. Wang, J. Liu, J. Song, and Z. L. Wang, “Integrated nanogenerators in biofluid,” Nano Letters, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 2475–2479, 2007.
11. Yang, W. Guo, Y. Zhang, Y. Ding, X. Wang, and Z. L. Wang, “Piezotronic effect on the output voltage of P3HT/ZnO micro/nanowire heterojunction solar cells,” Nano Letters, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 4812–4817, 2011.
12. Yakimova, “ZnO materials and surface tailoring for biosensing,” Frontiers in Bioscience, vol. E4, no. 1, pp. 254–278, 2012.
13. Zhou, N. S. Xu, and Z. L. Wang, “Dissolving behaviour and stability of ZnO wires in biofluids: a study on biodegradability and biocompatibility of ZnO nanostructures,” Advanced Materials, vol. 18, no. 18, pp. 2432–2435, 2006.
14. Zhang, T. Nayak, H. Hong, and W. Cai, “Biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanomaterials,” Current Molecular Medicine, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1633–1645, 2013.
15. Pandurangan and D. H. Kim, “In vitro toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 158, 2015.
16. T. Handago, A. Z. Enyew, and A. G. Bedasa, “Effects of Azadirachta indica leaf extract, capping agents, on the synthesis of pure and Cu doped ZnO-nanoparticles: a green approach and microbial activity,” Open Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 246–465, 2019.
17. J. Haque, M. M. Bellah, M. R. Hassan, and S. Rahman, “Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by two different methods & comparison of their structural, antibacterial, photocatalytic and optical properties,” Nano Express, vol. 1, no. 1, Article ID 010007, 2020.
18. Santhoshkumar, S. V. Kumar, S. Rajeshkumar, and G. Adaikalaraj, “Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant leaf extract against urinary tract infection pathogen,” Resource-Efficient Technologies, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 459–1651, 2017.
19. I. Rasli, H. Basri, and Z. Harun, “Zinc oxide from aloe vera extract: two-level factorial screening of biosynthesis parameters,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 1, Article ID e03156, 2020.
20. Chaudhary, N. Kumar, R. Kumar, and R. Kumar, “Antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Aloe vera peel extract,” SN Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 136, 2019.
21. Elumalai, S. Velmurugan, K. Ravi et al., “Bio-approach: plant mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their catalytic reduction of methylene blue and antimicrobial activity,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1639–1651, 2015.
22. Renata and D. Jolanta, “Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles using Trifolium pratense flower Extract,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 517–523, 2016.
23. Sharmila, C. Muthukumaran, K. S. Sandiya et al., “Biosynthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from Bauhinia tomentosaleaf extract,” Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 293–299, 2018.
24. Mohammad, M. Mahadevamurthy, P. Daruka et al., “Cinnamomum verumbark extract mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their antibacterial potentiality,” Biomolecules, vol. 10, pp. 134–336, 2020.
25. Shagufta, S. Amna, A. A. Aftab et al., “Green tea leaves mediated ZnO nanoparticles and its antimicrobial activity,” Cogent Chemistry, vol. 4, no. 1, Article ID 1469207, 2018.
26. Suresh, R. M. Shobharani, P. C. Nethravathi, M. A. P. Kumar, H. Nagabhushana, and S. Sharma, “Artocarpus gomezianus aided green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: luminescence, photocatalytic and antioxidant properties,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 141, pp. 128–164, 2015.
27. S. Shekhawat, C. P. Ravindran, and M. Manokari, “Biogenic production of zinc oxide nanoparticles from aqueous extracts ofDurantaerectaL,” World Scientific News, vol. 28, p. 30, 2016.
28. Elumalai, S. Velmurugan, S. Ravi, V. Kathiravan, and S. Ashokkumar, “Green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 143, pp. 158–164, 2015.
29. Solabomi, A. Yasmine, Z. Muchen et al., “Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using different plant extracts and their antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzaepv. Oryzae,”Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 341–352, 2019.
30. Demissie, M.G.; Sabir, F.K.; Edossa, G.D.; Gonfa, B.A. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Lippiaadoensis (koseret) and evaluation of its antibacterial activity. J. Chem. 2020, 2020, 7459042.
31. Ahmad, W.; Kalra, D. Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of ZnO nanoparticles using Euphorbia hirtaleaf extract. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 2020, 32, 2358–2364.
32. Naseer, M.; Aslam, U.; Khalid, B.; Chen, B. Green route to synthesize Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Cassia fistula and Melia azadarachta and their antibacterial potential. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 1–10.
33. Liu, D.; Liu, L.; Yao, L.; Peng, X.; Li, Y.; Jiang, T.; Kuang, H. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using radish root extract for effective wound dressing agents for diabetic foot ulcers in nursing care. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2019, 55, 101364.
34. Gul, A.; Fozia; Shaheen, A.; Ahmad, I.; Khattak, B.; Ahmad, M.; Ullah, R.; Bari, A.; Ali, S.S.; Alobaid, A.; et al. Green Synthesis, Characterization, Enzyme Inhibition, Antimicrobial Potential, and Cytotoxic Activity of Plant Mediated Silver Nanoparticle Using Ricinus communis Leaf and Root Extracts. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 206
35. Chan, J.Z.; Ali, R.R.; Shameli, K.; Salleh, M.S.N.; Lee, K.X.; Isa, E.M. Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using Aqueous Extract of Clitoria ternatea In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; IOP Publishing: London, UK, 2020; Volume 808.
36. Saygi, K.O.; Usta, C. Rosa canina waste seed extract-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of its antimutagenic action in Salmonella typhimurium. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2021, 266, 124537.
37. Akwu, N.A.; Naidoo, Y.; Singh, M.; Nund kumar, N.; Daniels, A.; Lin, J. Two Temperatures Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Grewia lasiocarpa Mey. ex-Harv. Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts: Characterization and Applications. Bio NanoScience 2021, 11, 142–158.
38. Isacfranklin, M.; Yuvakkumar, R.; Ravi, G.; Kumar, P.; Saravanakumar, B.; Velauthapillai, D.; Alahmadi, T.A.; Alharbi, S.A. Biomedical application of single anatase phase TiO2 nanoparticles with addition of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit peel extract. Appl. Nanosci. 2020, 11, 699–708.
39. M. Pranjali, M. P. Pooja, J. D. Maruti et al., “Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles by using polyol chemistry for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity,” Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, vol. 17, pp. 71–151, 2019.
40. Tayel, W. El-Tras, S. Moussa, A. El-Baz, and H. Mahrous, “Antibacterial action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against food borne pathogens,” Journal of Food Safety, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 211–218, 2011.
41. Soren, S. Kumar, S. Mishra et al., “Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant potential of the zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by aqueous and polyol method,”Microbial Pathogenesis, vol. 90, pp. 78–84, 2018.
42. Agarwal, S. Menon, S. V. Kumar, and S. Rajeshkumar, “Mechanistic study on antibacterial action of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using green route,” Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 286, pp. 60–70, 2018.
43. Jayaseelan, A. A. Rahuman, A. V. Kirthi, S. Marimuthu, T. Santhoshkumar, and A. Bagavan, “Novel microbial route to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Aeromonas hydrophila and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 90, pp. 78–84, 2012.