Nipah Virus Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Public Health Implications

Volume: 11 | Issue: 02 | Year 2025 | Subscription
International Journal of Immunological Nursing
Received Date: 08/02/2025
Acceptance Date: 08/18/2025
Published On: 2025-08-29
First Page: 31
Last Page: 37

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By: T Ranganayaki

1. Vice principal, Department of Nursing, JSS School of Nursing, Kollegal, Karnataka, India.

Abstract

Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Henipavirus. First identified during an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998, Nipah virus has since become a significant public health concern, particularly in South and Southeast Asia. The virus primarily spreads from fruit bats (Pteropus species) to humans, either directly or via intermediate hosts such as pigs, and is also capable of human-to-human transmission. Infection can result in a range of symptoms from mild febrile illness to fatal encephalitis and respiratory failure, with a case fatality rate of up to 75%. The virus utilizes two glycoproteins—G (attachment) and F (fusion)—to invade host cells by targeting ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 receptors. Its stability in various environmental conditions and bodily fluids underscores its potential for widespread transmission. Diagnosis is primarily based on molecular testing, including RT-PCR and serological assays. Currently, there is no specific antiviral therapy or licensed vaccine for Nipah virus; management is supportive. This review summarizes the virology, transmission pathways, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies for Nipah virus disease, emphasizing the urgent need for effective preventive measures, vaccine development, and public awareness to mitigate future outbreaks.

Keywords: Nipah virus, encephalitis, respiratory illness, zoonotic disease, viral transmission, outbreak, prevention, treatment.

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Citation:

How to cite this article: T Ranganayaki, Nipah Virus Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Public Health Implications. International Journal of Immunological Nursing. 2025; 11(02): 31-37p.

How to cite this URL: T Ranganayaki, Nipah Virus Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Public Health Implications. International Journal of Immunological Nursing. 2025; 11(02): 31-37p. Available from:https://journalspub.com/publication/ijin/article=20380

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