Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is a pivotal technique within Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD), widely recognized for its exceptional capability to refine grain structures in metals and alloys down to the micro- and nanometer scales. This review offers an in-depth examination of the ECAP process, highlighting its effectiveness in generating ultra-fine grain microstructures that significantly enhance the mechanical properties of materials, such as strength, hardness, and ductility. We provide a detailed analysis of the critical parameters that influence the outcomes of ECAP, including die geometry, processing temperature, and the number of passes. Each of these factors plays a crucial role in determining the resultant microstructure and overall material performance. The review further delves into recent advancements and innovations in ECAP, such as modifications aimed at improving process efficiency and making the technique more scalable for industrial applications. Despite the notable progress achieved in the field, several challenges persist in transitioning ECAP from laboratory settings to large-scale production environments. These challenges include maintaining process consistency, scaling up without compromising quality, and addressing technical limitations inherent in current methods. This article offers valuable insights into contemporary trends in ECAP technology, evaluates the effectiveness of various processing routes, and explores potential future directions for advancing the development and application of ECAP in metallurgy and materials science. By addressing both the achievements and ongoing issues, this review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of ECAP and its role in the advancement of material processing techniques.

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1. B Chandrasekhar. A brief overview of the equal channel angular processing approach; Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023.
2. N A comprehensive review on equal channel angular pressing of bulk metal and sheet metal process methodology and its varied applications. J. Manufac. Proc.592020;698.
3. Ruslan Z, Valiev. Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement. Mat. Sci. 2006;51(7):881.
4. Kepa T, Pedraza F, Rouillard F. Intermetallic formation of Al-Fe and Al-Ni phases by ultrafast slurry aluminization (flash aluminizing). Surface and Coatings Technology. 2020 Sep 15;397:126011.
5. Montero X, Galetz MC, Schütze M. Sulphidation behavior of a non harmful water-based Al and Al–Si slurry coating on CM247 superalloy. Oxidation of metals. 2013 Dec;80:635-49.
6. Montero X, Galetz MC, Schütze M. Sulphidation behavior of a non harmful water-based Al and Al–Si slurry coating on CM247 superalloy. Oxidation of metals. 2013 Dec;80:635-49.
7. Li Q, Yuan X, Li D, Song P, Li Z, Huang Tet al.Effect of pre-oxidation treatment on the hot corrosion behavior of pack-cemented aluminide coatings on the K438 alloy in salt mixture. Corrosion Commun. 2022 Mar 1;5:1–3.
8. Zangiabadi A, Kazeminezhad M. Development of a novel severe plastic deformation method for tubular materials: Tube Channel Pressing (TCP). Mater Sci Eng. 2011 Jun 15;528(15):5066–72.
9. Sajjadnejad M, Targhi VT, Haghshenas SM. Evaluation of Hot Corrosion of Hot Dip Aluminized Coated Superalloy IN738LC in Melted Na2SO4-25wt% NaCl Salt. Prog. Chem. Biochem. Res. 2024;7(2):182–97.
10. Gupta A, Chandrasekhar B, Saxena KK. Effect of Equal-channel angular pressing on mechanical properties: An overview. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021 Jan 1;45:5602–7.

Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is a pivotal technique within Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD), widely recognized for its exceptional capability to refine grain structures in metals and alloys down to the micro- and nanometer scales. This review offers an in-depth examination of the ECAP process, highlighting its effectiveness in generating ultra-fine grain microstructures that significantly enhance the mechanical properties of materials, such as strength, hardness, and ductility. We provide a detailed analysis of the critical parameters that influence the outcomes of ECAP, including die geometry, processing temperature, and the number of passes. Each of these factors plays a crucial role in determining the resultant microstructure and overall material performance. The review further delves into recent advancements and innovations in ECAP, such as modifications aimed at improving process efficiency and making the technique more scalable for industrial applications. Despite the notable progress achieved in the field, several challenges persist in transitioning ECAP from laboratory settings to large-scale production environments. These challenges include maintaining process consistency, scaling up without compromising quality, and addressing technical limitations inherent in current methods. This article offers valuable insights into contemporary trends in ECAP technology, evaluates the effectiveness of various processing routes, and explores potential future directions for advancing the development and application of ECAP in metallurgy and materials science. By addressing both the achievements and ongoing issues, this review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of ECAP and its role in the advancement of material processing techniques.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. B Chandrasekhar. A brief overview of the equal channel angular processing approach; Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023.
2. N A comprehensive review on equal channel angular pressing of bulk metal and sheet metal process methodology and its varied applications. J. Manufac. Proc.592020;698.
3. Ruslan Z, Valiev. Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement. Mat. Sci. 2006;51(7):881.
4. Kepa T, Pedraza F, Rouillard F. Intermetallic formation of Al-Fe and Al-Ni phases by ultrafast slurry aluminization (flash aluminizing). Surface and Coatings Technology. 2020 Sep 15;397:126011.
5. Montero X, Galetz MC, Schütze M. Sulphidation behavior of a non harmful water-based Al and Al–Si slurry coating on CM247 superalloy. Oxidation of metals. 2013 Dec;80:635-49.
6. Montero X, Galetz MC, Schütze M. Sulphidation behavior of a non harmful water-based Al and Al–Si slurry coating on CM247 superalloy. Oxidation of metals. 2013 Dec;80:635-49.
7. Li Q, Yuan X, Li D, Song P, Li Z, Huang Tet al.Effect of pre-oxidation treatment on the hot corrosion behavior of pack-cemented aluminide coatings on the K438 alloy in salt mixture. Corrosion Commun. 2022 Mar 1;5:1–3.
8. Zangiabadi A, Kazeminezhad M. Development of a novel severe plastic deformation method for tubular materials: Tube Channel Pressing (TCP). Mater Sci Eng. 2011 Jun 15;528(15):5066–72.
9. Sajjadnejad M, Targhi VT, Haghshenas SM. Evaluation of Hot Corrosion of Hot Dip Aluminized Coated Superalloy IN738LC in Melted Na2SO4-25wt% NaCl Salt. Prog. Chem. Biochem. Res. 2024;7(2):182–97.
10. Gupta A, Chandrasekhar B, Saxena KK. Effect of Equal-channel angular pressing on mechanical properties: An overview. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021 Jan 1;45:5602–7.