How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech
V. Basil Hans | International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits | Vol 11, Issue 02
Abstract
Over the past hundred years, electronics have changed a lot. They have gone from big, cumbersome vacuum tubes to very advanced nanoscale devices. This article talks about how contemporary electronics have changed over time, focussing on important events as the creation of the transistor, the emergence of integrated circuits, and the arrival of microprocessors. It looks at how improvements in materials science, semiconductor production, and miniaturisation have made electronic gadgets work better, use less energy, and do more than ever before. The article also talks about how nanotechnology is changing the electronics industry now and in the future. This includes the rise of flexible electronics, quantum components, and bio-integrated systems. This analysis looks at historical developments and current trends to show how foundational breakthroughs have paved the way for the next generation of smart, connected, and very small electronic systems.
Transistors, integrated circuits, semiconductor technology, nanotechnology, and electronic miniaturisation
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1. Baranov MI. An anthology of the distinguished achievements in science and technique. Part 35: Nobel Prize Laureates in Physics for 1990-1994. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. 2016(6 (eng)):3-8. 2. Guarnieri M. Seventy years of getting transistorised. IEEE Ind Electron Mag. 2017;11(4):33β37. 3. M Desilestre I, Meyyappan M. A NASA First in Nano-Technology: Nanoscale Vacuum Tube for Radiation Immune Electronics. 2015 Jan 1. 4. Partyka J, Mazur M. Future possibilities for using nanotechnologies in computer system architecture. J Nano Electron Phys. 2012;17(3):3001β3038. 5. Apicella C, Norenzayan A, Henrich J. Beyond WEIRD: A review of the last decade and a look ahead to the global laboratory of the future. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2020 Sep 1;41(5):319-29.. 6. Deng S, Bhatnagar S, He S, Ahmad N, et al. The creation and use of embedded passives and interconnects that use nanomaterials. 2022. 7. Howell SB. Introduction to differential time-series astronomical photometry using charged-coupled devices. InAstronomical CCD observing and reduction techniques 1992 (Vol. 23, p. 105). 8. Lundstrom M. Computational electronics for the 21 st century: Reflections on the past, present, and future. In2015 45th European Solid State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC) 2015 Sep 14 (pp. 36-39). IEEE. 9. Pang J, Bachmatiuk A, Yang F, Liu H, et al. How carbon nanotubes can be used in the Internet of Things. 2021. 10. Bonnaud O, Fesquet L. New ideas for teaching about the Internet of Things. Proc Eng Technol Innov. 2018;9:1β8. 11. Teodorescu L, Dima G. A high-performance broadcast receiver that uses old technology. 2022. 12. Croot XC. The Environment and Interactions of Electrons in GaAs Quantum Dots. PhD Thesis. The University of Sydney; 2017. 13. Cerletti V, Coish WA, Gywat O, Loss D. Recipes for quantum computing based on spin. Nanotechnology. 2005;16(4):R27. 14. Mehrali M, Bagherifard S, Akbari M, Thakur A, et al. Combining electronics with the human body: a step towards a cybernetic future. Adv Sci. 2018;5:1700931.
How to cite this article
APA
Hans, V. B. (2026). How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech. International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits, 11(02).
MLA
Hans, V. Basil. “How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech.” International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits, vol. 11, no. 02, 2026.
Chicago
V. Basil Hans. “How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech.” International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits 11, no. 02 (2026).
Vancouver
Hans VB. How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech. International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits. 2026;11(02).
BibTeX
@article{HansVB2026,
author = {V. Basil Hans},
title = {How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech},
journal = {International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits},
year = {2026},
volume = {11},
number = {02},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijmdic/article=23173}
}
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V. Basil Hans | International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits | Vol 11, Issue 02
Abstract
Over the past hundred years, electronics have changed a lot. They have gone from big, cumbersome vacuum tubes to very advanced nanoscale devices. This article talks about how contemporary electronics have changed over time, focussing on important events as the creation of the transistor, the emergence of integrated circuits, and the arrival of microprocessors. It looks at how improvements in materials science, semiconductor production, and miniaturisation have made electronic gadgets work better, use less energy, and do more than ever before. The article also talks about how nanotechnology is changing the electronics industry now and in the future. This includes the rise of flexible electronics, quantum components, and bio-integrated systems. This analysis looks at historical developments and current trends to show how foundational breakthroughs have paved the way for the next generation of smart, connected, and very small electronic systems.
Transistors, integrated circuits, semiconductor technology, nanotechnology, and electronic miniaturisation
π This is a subscription article
Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.
1. Baranov MI. An anthology of the distinguished achievements in science and technique. Part 35: Nobel Prize Laureates in Physics for 1990-1994. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. 2016(6 (eng)):3-8. 2. Guarnieri M. Seventy years of getting transistorised. IEEE Ind Electron Mag. 2017;11(4):33β37. 3. M Desilestre I, Meyyappan M. A NASA First in Nano-Technology: Nanoscale Vacuum Tube for Radiation Immune Electronics. 2015 Jan 1. 4. Partyka J, Mazur M. Future possibilities for using nanotechnologies in computer system architecture. J Nano Electron Phys. 2012;17(3):3001β3038. 5. Apicella C, Norenzayan A, Henrich J. Beyond WEIRD: A review of the last decade and a look ahead to the global laboratory of the future. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2020 Sep 1;41(5):319-29.. 6. Deng S, Bhatnagar S, He S, Ahmad N, et al. The creation and use of embedded passives and interconnects that use nanomaterials. 2022. 7. Howell SB. Introduction to differential time-series astronomical photometry using charged-coupled devices. InAstronomical CCD observing and reduction techniques 1992 (Vol. 23, p. 105). 8. Lundstrom M. Computational electronics for the 21 st century: Reflections on the past, present, and future. In2015 45th European Solid State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC) 2015 Sep 14 (pp. 36-39). IEEE. 9. Pang J, Bachmatiuk A, Yang F, Liu H, et al. How carbon nanotubes can be used in the Internet of Things. 2021. 10. Bonnaud O, Fesquet L. New ideas for teaching about the Internet of Things. Proc Eng Technol Innov. 2018;9:1β8. 11. Teodorescu L, Dima G. A high-performance broadcast receiver that uses old technology. 2022. 12. Croot XC. The Environment and Interactions of Electrons in GaAs Quantum Dots. PhD Thesis. The University of Sydney; 2017. 13. Cerletti V, Coish WA, Gywat O, Loss D. Recipes for quantum computing based on spin. Nanotechnology. 2005;16(4):R27. 14. Mehrali M, Bagherifard S, Akbari M, Thakur A, et al. Combining electronics with the human body: a step towards a cybernetic future. Adv Sci. 2018;5:1700931.
How to cite this article
APA
Hans, V. B. (2026). How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech. International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits, 11(02).
MLA
Hans, V. Basil. “How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech.” International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits, vol. 11, no. 02, 2026.
Chicago
V. Basil Hans. “How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech.” International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits 11, no. 02 (2026).
Vancouver
Hans VB. How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech. International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits. 2026;11(02).
BibTeX
@article{HansVB2026,
author = {V. Basil Hans},
title = {How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech},
journal = {International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits},
year = {2026},
volume = {11},
number = {02},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijmdic/article=23173}
}
V. Basil Hans | International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits | Vol 11, Issue 02
Abstract
Over the past hundred years, electronics have changed a lot. They have gone from big, cumbersome vacuum tubes to very advanced nanoscale devices. This article talks about how contemporary electronics have changed over time, focussing on important events as the creation of the transistor, the emergence of integrated circuits, and the arrival of microprocessors. It looks at how improvements in materials science, semiconductor production, and miniaturisation have made electronic gadgets work better, use less energy, and do more than ever before. The article also talks about how nanotechnology is changing the electronics industry now and in the future. This includes the rise of flexible electronics, quantum components, and bio-integrated systems. This analysis looks at historical developments and current trends to show how foundational breakthroughs have paved the way for the next generation of smart, connected, and very small electronic systems.
Transistors, integrated circuits, semiconductor technology, nanotechnology, and electronic miniaturisation
π This is a subscription article
Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.
1. Baranov MI. An anthology of the distinguished achievements in science and technique. Part 35: Nobel Prize Laureates in Physics for 1990-1994. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. 2016(6 (eng)):3-8. 2. Guarnieri M. Seventy years of getting transistorised. IEEE Ind Electron Mag. 2017;11(4):33β37. 3. M Desilestre I, Meyyappan M. A NASA First in Nano-Technology: Nanoscale Vacuum Tube for Radiation Immune Electronics. 2015 Jan 1. 4. Partyka J, Mazur M. Future possibilities for using nanotechnologies in computer system architecture. J Nano Electron Phys. 2012;17(3):3001β3038. 5. Apicella C, Norenzayan A, Henrich J. Beyond WEIRD: A review of the last decade and a look ahead to the global laboratory of the future. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2020 Sep 1;41(5):319-29.. 6. Deng S, Bhatnagar S, He S, Ahmad N, et al. The creation and use of embedded passives and interconnects that use nanomaterials. 2022. 7. Howell SB. Introduction to differential time-series astronomical photometry using charged-coupled devices. InAstronomical CCD observing and reduction techniques 1992 (Vol. 23, p. 105). 8. Lundstrom M. Computational electronics for the 21 st century: Reflections on the past, present, and future. In2015 45th European Solid State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC) 2015 Sep 14 (pp. 36-39). IEEE. 9. Pang J, Bachmatiuk A, Yang F, Liu H, et al. How carbon nanotubes can be used in the Internet of Things. 2021. 10. Bonnaud O, Fesquet L. New ideas for teaching about the Internet of Things. Proc Eng Technol Innov. 2018;9:1β8. 11. Teodorescu L, Dima G. A high-performance broadcast receiver that uses old technology. 2022. 12. Croot XC. The Environment and Interactions of Electrons in GaAs Quantum Dots. PhD Thesis. The University of Sydney; 2017. 13. Cerletti V, Coish WA, Gywat O, Loss D. Recipes for quantum computing based on spin. Nanotechnology. 2005;16(4):R27. 14. Mehrali M, Bagherifard S, Akbari M, Thakur A, et al. Combining electronics with the human body: a step towards a cybernetic future. Adv Sci. 2018;5:1700931.
How to cite this article
APA
Hans, V. B. (2026). How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech. International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits, 11(02).
MLA
Hans, V. Basil. “How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech.” International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits, vol. 11, no. 02, 2026.
Chicago
V. Basil Hans. “How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech.” International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits 11, no. 02 (2026).
Vancouver
Hans VB. How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech. International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits. 2026;11(02).
BibTeX
@article{HansVB2026,
author = {V. Basil Hans},
title = {How modern electronics have changed throughout time, from vacuum tubes to nanotech},
journal = {International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits},
year = {2026},
volume = {11},
number = {02},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijmdic/article=23173}
}
