Nanoparticles based therapeutic and theranostics technique is becoming an active area of research in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine as a major application of nanotechnology enables efficient diagnosis procedures, imaging system, therapeutic techniques, and drug delivery system. This research presents an overview of methods that enable integrating both diagnosis and therapeutic techniques which increase efficacy and reduce time. Hence, we look forward on the power of such theranostics techniques which involves the use of magnetic and radioactive nanoparticles. By improving the sensitivity, biocompatibility, and stability of magnetic and radioactive nanoparticles CGT and theranostics procedures can be enhanced. These techniques are presented by comparing and contracting with other therapeutic techniques such as radiation therapy. More specifically, the potential role of magnetic and radioactive nanoparticles in cell therapy, Gene therapy, and theranostics procedure is discussed. Customary, these nanoparticles are evaluated for magnetic fluid hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging, and treatment of malignant disease such as cancer. Moreover, they are assessed for the nano based drug delivery, nanocarriers, and nanozymes. Among the therapeutic techniques, nanobased cell therapy, gene therapy, and theranostics technique are the focus of this research. The research also presents environmental, health, medical challenges of both magnetic and radioactive nanoparticles. The research also presents proposed solutions for minimizing the health risk effects of both magnetic and radioactive nanoparticles. It also suggests AI based detection, monitoring, therapeutic, and theranostics procedures.

Keywords-Nanoparticles, Theranostics, Green Synthesis Methods,radioactive gold-198 nanoparticles, Nanotheranostics.

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1. Canese, R.; Vurro, F. Marzola, P. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Theranostics Agents in Cancer Immunotherapy. Nanomaterials. 2021, 11, 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081950
2. Farnaz Assa et al. A biotechnological perspective on the application of iron oxide nanoparticles Nano Research. 2016, 9(8): 2203- 2225
3. Geppert M and Himly M (2021) Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Bioimaging - An Immune Perspective. Front. Immunol. 12:688927. doi: 10.3389/fimmu. 2021.688927
4. Iram F, Iqbal MS, Khan IU, Rasheed R, Khalid A, Khalid M, Aftab S, Shakoori AR. Synthesis and biodistribution study of biocompatible 198 Au nanoparticles by use of Arabinoxylan as reducing and stabilizing agent. Biological Trace Element Research. 2020 Jan;193:282-93.
5. GG De La Cruz et al. Interaction of nanoparticles with blood components and path of Physiological effects. 20 Dec 2017. Doi:10.5772/intech open. 69386.
6. M.Hosseini et al. Theranostics polymeric nanoparticles as a new approach in cancer therapy and diagnosis: a review. Materials today chemistry. 2023, V. 29, April 2023, 101400
7. Kosha J. Metha et al. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Detection and Therapy. 2023 Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. (2022) 18:2234 - 2261
8. Friedrich, R.P.; Cicha, I.; Alexiou, C. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Nanomaterials. 2021, 11, 2337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nano11092337
9. Wu, S., Helal-Neto, E., Matos, S., Jafari, A., Kozempel, J., Silva, A., Serrano-Larrea, C., Junior, S. A., Ricci-Junior, E., Alexis, F., & Santos-Oliveira, R. (2020). Radioactive polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical application. Drug Delivery,27(1), 1544. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2020. 1837296
10. M. Niemeyer, C.A. Mirkin et al. Nanobiotechnolgy; concepts, applications, and perspectives. 2004. ISBN; 3. 527-30658-7
11. Uinarni, H., Kadhum, W.R., Saleh, R.O. et al.Nanoparticle-based theranostics in nuclear medicine. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 333, 1661-1672 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-024-09432-7
12. F sabir et al. Nanodiagnosis and Nanotreatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Overview  2021, 9(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9040067.
13. G. Cattaneo et al. Nanotechnology and human health: Risks and benefits. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2010; 30: 730-744.
14. Cattaneo, M., Froio, A., & Gallino, A. (2019). Cardiovascular Imaging and Theranostics in Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. European Cardiology Review, 14(1), 62.https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2019.6.1
15. Holmannova, D., Borsky, P., Svadlakova, T., Borska, L., & Fiala, Z. (2021). Carbon Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications. Applied Sciences, 12(15), 7865.

16. Parmod Kumar et al. Investigations on Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Zn doped Fe₂O₃nano-Particles and their correlation with local electronic structure. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2019. V. 165398; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm. 2019.165398
17. Kamalika Roy and Susanata Lahir. Green method for the synthesis of radioactive gold nanoparticles. Green Chem., 2006, 8, 1063-1066.
18. De La Torre, L. G., Sipoli, C. C., Oliveira, A. F., Eş, I., Pessoa, A. C., Vitor, M. T., Vit, F. F., & F. Naves, T. (2016). Biopolymers for gene delivery applications. Biopolymer-Based Composites, 289-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101914-6.00010-7
19. Sri Amruthaa et al. Iron oxide nanoparticles for theranostics applications. Journal of Drug Delivery. Science and Technology. 2022; 70:103196
20. Shakil MS, Hasan MA, Sarker SR. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Theranostics. Curr Drug Metab. 2019; 20(6):446-456. doi: 10.2174/1389200220666181122105043. PMID: 30465497.
21. YW Khan. Molecular Medicine: from diagnosis to gene therapy. HKMJ. 1998, V. 4 (1) 98-102.
22. Nicole Jawerth (IAEA). Radiation and Radionuclide in medicine. Brief Overview of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy. IAEA Bulletin 55-4-December (2014)
23. Mobergslien, A., Moen, I., Petros, G., Kristian, A., Gunvaldsen, K. S., Cruciani, V., Wickstroem, K., Bjerke, R. M., Karlsson, J., & Cuthbertson, A. (2022). Tumor growth inhibition and immune system activation following treatment with thorium-227 conjugates and PD-1 check-point inhibition in the MC-38 murine model. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 1033303. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1033303
24. Shende, P., & Gandhi, S. (2021). Current strategies of radiopharmaceuticals in theranostics applications. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 64, 102594.

Nanoparticles based therapeutic and theranostics technique is becoming an active area of research in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine as a major application of nanotechnology enables efficient diagnosis procedures, imaging system, therapeutic techniques, and drug delivery system. This research presents an overview of methods that enable integrating both diagnosis and therapeutic techniques which increase efficacy and reduce time. Hence, we look forward on the power of such theranostics techniques which involves the use of magnetic and radioactive nanoparticles. By improving the sensitivity, biocompatibility, and stability of magnetic and radioactive nanoparticles CGT and theranostics procedures can be enhanced. These techniques are presented by comparing and contracting with other therapeutic techniques such as radiation therapy. More specifically, the potential role of magnetic and radioactive nanoparticles in cell therapy, Gene therapy, and theranostics procedure is discussed. Customary, these nanoparticles are evaluated for magnetic fluid hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging, and treatment of malignant disease such as cancer. Moreover, they are assessed for the nano based drug delivery, nanocarriers, and nanozymes. Among the therapeutic techniques, nanobased cell therapy, gene therapy, and theranostics technique are the focus of this research. The research also presents environmental, health, medical challenges of both magnetic and radioactive nanoparticles. The research also presents proposed solutions for minimizing the health risk effects of both magnetic and radioactive nanoparticles. It also suggests AI based detection, monitoring, therapeutic, and theranostics procedures.

Keywords-Nanoparticles, Theranostics, Green Synthesis Methods,radioactive gold-198 nanoparticles, Nanotheranostics.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Canese, R.; Vurro, F. Marzola, P. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Theranostics Agents in Cancer Immunotherapy. Nanomaterials. 2021, 11, 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081950
2. Farnaz Assa et al. A biotechnological perspective on the application of iron oxide nanoparticles Nano Research. 2016, 9(8): 2203- 2225
3. Geppert M and Himly M (2021) Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Bioimaging - An Immune Perspective. Front. Immunol. 12:688927. doi: 10.3389/fimmu. 2021.688927
4. Iram F, Iqbal MS, Khan IU, Rasheed R, Khalid A, Khalid M, Aftab S, Shakoori AR. Synthesis and biodistribution study of biocompatible 198 Au nanoparticles by use of Arabinoxylan as reducing and stabilizing agent. Biological Trace Element Research. 2020 Jan;193:282-93.
5. GG De La Cruz et al. Interaction of nanoparticles with blood components and path of Physiological effects. 20 Dec 2017. Doi:10.5772/intech open. 69386.
6. M.Hosseini et al. Theranostics polymeric nanoparticles as a new approach in cancer therapy and diagnosis: a review. Materials today chemistry. 2023, V. 29, April 2023, 101400
7. Kosha J. Metha et al. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Detection and Therapy. 2023 Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. (2022) 18:2234 - 2261
8. Friedrich, R.P.; Cicha, I.; Alexiou, C. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Nanomaterials. 2021, 11, 2337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nano11092337
9. Wu, S., Helal-Neto, E., Matos, S., Jafari, A., Kozempel, J., Silva, A., Serrano-Larrea, C., Junior, S. A., Ricci-Junior, E., Alexis, F., & Santos-Oliveira, R. (2020). Radioactive polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical application. Drug Delivery,27(1), 1544. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2020. 1837296
10. M. Niemeyer, C.A. Mirkin et al. Nanobiotechnolgy; concepts, applications, and perspectives. 2004. ISBN; 3. 527-30658-7
11. Uinarni, H., Kadhum, W.R., Saleh, R.O. et al.Nanoparticle-based theranostics in nuclear medicine. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 333, 1661-1672 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-024-09432-7
12. F sabir et al. Nanodiagnosis and Nanotreatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Overview  2021, 9(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9040067.
13. G. Cattaneo et al. Nanotechnology and human health: Risks and benefits. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2010; 30: 730-744.
14. Cattaneo, M., Froio, A., & Gallino, A. (2019). Cardiovascular Imaging and Theranostics in Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. European Cardiology Review, 14(1), 62.https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2019.6.1
15. Holmannova, D., Borsky, P., Svadlakova, T., Borska, L., & Fiala, Z. (2021). Carbon Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications. Applied Sciences, 12(15), 7865.

16. Parmod Kumar et al. Investigations on Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Zn doped Fe₂O₃nano-Particles and their correlation with local electronic structure. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2019. V. 165398; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm. 2019.165398
17. Kamalika Roy and Susanata Lahir. Green method for the synthesis of radioactive gold nanoparticles. Green Chem., 2006, 8, 1063-1066.
18. De La Torre, L. G., Sipoli, C. C., Oliveira, A. F., Eş, I., Pessoa, A. C., Vitor, M. T., Vit, F. F., & F. Naves, T. (2016). Biopolymers for gene delivery applications. Biopolymer-Based Composites, 289-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101914-6.00010-7
19. Sri Amruthaa et al. Iron oxide nanoparticles for theranostics applications. Journal of Drug Delivery. Science and Technology. 2022; 70:103196
20. Shakil MS, Hasan MA, Sarker SR. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Theranostics. Curr Drug Metab. 2019; 20(6):446-456. doi: 10.2174/1389200220666181122105043. PMID: 30465497.
21. YW Khan. Molecular Medicine: from diagnosis to gene therapy. HKMJ. 1998, V. 4 (1) 98-102.
22. Nicole Jawerth (IAEA). Radiation and Radionuclide in medicine. Brief Overview of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy. IAEA Bulletin 55-4-December (2014)
23. Mobergslien, A., Moen, I., Petros, G., Kristian, A., Gunvaldsen, K. S., Cruciani, V., Wickstroem, K., Bjerke, R. M., Karlsson, J., & Cuthbertson, A. (2022). Tumor growth inhibition and immune system activation following treatment with thorium-227 conjugates and PD-1 check-point inhibition in the MC-38 murine model. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 1033303. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1033303
24. Shende, P., & Gandhi, S. (2021). Current strategies of radiopharmaceuticals in theranostics applications. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 64, 102594.