By: Arvita Chandail, Sangeeta Kakkar, and Ashu Kumari
1Researcher, Department of Clinical psychology Department of psychology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
1Assistant Professor, Department of psychology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
2Assistant Professor, Department of psychology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Background: The widespread neurodevelopmental disease known as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a variety of etiologies. Preventative strategies and early interventions for ADHD require an understanding of the prenatal variables that contribute to the disorder. Aim/Objective: The purpose of this review is to assess how pregnancy-related stress, malnutrition, and substance use by mothers may affect the development of ADHD in their offspring. Methods: The Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, Web of Science, and Scopus were used to conduct a thorough literature analysis to find pertinent articles that were published between 2018 and 2023. Studies investigating the effects of maternal stress, diet, and substance use on the risk of ADHD in children were chosen based on inclusion criteria. Results: The review paper found that Increased cortisol levels connected to abnormalities in embryonic brain development have been related to maternal stress. Elevated risk of ADHD was linked to poor maternal nutrition, specifically deficiencies in micronutrients and key fatty acids. Due to their neurotoxic effects on the developing brain, substance use, including alcohol, tobacco, and narcotics, dramatically increases the risk of developing ADHD. Conclusion: This review synthesized current research with a thorough understanding of how these prenatal factors contribute to the etiology of ADHD. It emphasized the necessity for focused treatments and preventative measures during pregnancy to decrease these risks.
Keywords: Prenatal exposure, ADHD, maternal stress, maternal nutrition, maternal substance use, fetal brain development
Citation:
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