A Review on Bio-oil Production from Agricultural Waste Based on Various Processes, Bio-oil Yield and Energy Recovery

Volume: 11 | Issue: 1 | Year 2025 | Subscription
International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
Received Date: 02/04/2025
Acceptance Date: 02/21/2025
Published On: 2025-04-07
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By: Rajat Chakraborty, Sonali Samanta, and Asit Kumar Saha

Abstract

Agricultural wastes generated through cultivation of crops, vegetables, fruits, and poultry can pollute the environment and affect the health of both humans and animals. Traditionally, most agricultural wastes are either burned or disposed of in landfills which cause acute environmental pollution. These easily accessible and underutilized agro-wastes remain a potential resource for biofuel production. This review analyses several thermochemical and biochemical methods encompassing pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and fermentation to convert agricultural wastes including crop stalks, husks, straw, and bagasse into biofuel. The highly accepted method is pyrolysis which results in bio-oil; whereas, gasification produces syngas utilized for electric power production as well as conversion to liquid fuels. HTC at lower temperature and pressure produces hydrochar which can act as a solid fuel or be transformed into liquid biofuels. Apart from biofuels, biochar, which is a by-product of pyrolysis, HTL and gasification processes, is also useful in the enhancement of soils as well as for carbon storage. Based on the energy recovery, the processes are ranked as follows: Fermentation> Pyrolysis>HTL. Despite its potential, geographical diversity causes feedstock variability necessitating process optimization, technology advancement, economic feasibility toward sustainable implementation. Additionally, scalability and environmental concerns, including pollutant emissions, need to be addressed for large-scale commercial biofuel production.

Keywords: Agricultural Waste, Bio-oil, Production Process, Yield of Bio-oil, Energy Recovery.

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How to cite this article: Rajat Chakraborty, Sonali Samanta, and Asit Kumar Saha, A Review on Bio-oil Production from Agricultural Waste Based on Various Processes, Bio-oil Yield and Energy Recovery. International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures. 2025; 11(1): -p.

How to cite this URL: Rajat Chakraborty, Sonali Samanta, and Asit Kumar Saha, A Review on Bio-oil Production from Agricultural Waste Based on Various Processes, Bio-oil Yield and Energy Recovery. International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures. 2025; 11(1): -p. Available from:https://journalspub.com/publication/ijnn/article=16026

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