The swift increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) brings considerable prospects and difficulties for contemporary power distribution networks. This paper presents the performance evaluation of a 20 kW bidirectional EV charging station designed to facilitate both Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) power flow for enhanced smart grid support applications. The proposed topology integrates an AC/DC bidirectional converter interfaced to the 415 V, 50 Hz three-phase utility grid through a precision-designed LCL filter, followed by a non-isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter managing the 400 V, 50 kWh lithium- ion EV battery pack via a 700 V regulated DC link. A grid-following inverter control strategy employing a phase-locked loop (PLL) for synchronization, PI-based DC bus voltage regulation, and dq-frame current control ensures unity power factor operation under both charging and discharging modes. Comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink simulations confirm stable bidirectional power transfer with a peak system efficiency of 96.4% at rated load in G2V mode and 95.8% in V2G mode. The measured total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current is 2.87%, well within the IEEE 519-2022 limit of 5%. During V2G operation, the station delivers up to 18.5 kW of active power and ±9 kVAR of reactive power support to the grid. The results demonstrate that the proposed system effectively supports peak shaving, reactive power compensation, and frequency regulation, underscoring its viability as a smart grid asset. The outcomes of this study validate the technical and economic case for large-scale bidirectional EV charging infrastructure deployment.

Keywords - EV charging station; Bidirectional converter; V2G; Smart grid; Power quality; LCL filter

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1. Godase V. A comprehensive study of revolutionizing EV charging with solar-powered wireless solutions. Advance Research in Power Electronics and Devices e-ISSN. 2025 Apr 18:3048-7145.
2. Godase V, Pawar P, Nagane S, Kumbhar S. Automatic railway horn system using node MCU. Journal of Control & Instrumentation. 2024 Jan;15(1).
3. Deb S, Tammi K, Kalita K, Mahanta P. Impact of electric vehicle charging station load on distribution network. Energies. 2018 Jan 15;11(1):178.
4. Clement-Nyns K, Haesen E, Driesen J. The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid. IEEE Transactions on power systems. 2009 Dec 18;25(1):371-80.
5. Kempton W, Tomić J. Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue. Journal of power sources. 2005 Jun 1;144(1):268-79.
6. Liu C, Chau KT, Wu D, Gao S. Opportunities and challenges of vehicle-to-home, vehicle-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to- grid technologies. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2013 Jul 30;101(11):2409-27.
7. Tang X, Sun C, Bi S, Wang S, Zhang AY. A holistic review on advanced bi-directional EV charging control algorithms. ACM SIGEnergy Energy Informatics Review. 2021 Dec 28;1(1):78-88.
8. Yilmaz M, Krein PT. Review of battery charger topologies, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles. IEEE transactions on Power Electronics. 2012 Aug 23;28(5):2151-69.
9. Pena-Alzola R, Liserre M, Blaabjerg F, Sebastián R, Dannehl J, Fuchs FW. Analysis of the passive damping losses in LCL-filter-based grid converters. IEEE transactions on power electronics. 2012 Oct 5;28(6):2642-6.
10. Godase V. Advanced Neural Network Models for Optimal Energy Management in Microgrids with Integrated Electric Vehicles. InProceedings of the International Conference on Trends in Material Science and Inventive Materials (ICTMIM-2025) DVD Part Number: CFP250J1-DVD 2025 Apr 18.
11. Liu J, Zhang W, Rizzoni G. Robust stability analysis of DC microgrids with constant power loads. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2017 Apr 25;33(1):851-60.
12. Kisacikoglu MC, Kesler M, Tolbert LM. Single-phase on-board bidirectional PEV charger for V2G reactive power operation. IEEE Transactions on smart grid. 2014 Oct 15;6(2):767-75.
13. Shi C, Tang Y, Khaligh A. A single-phase integrated onboard battery charger using propulsion system for plug-in electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2017 Jul 19;66(12):10899-910.
14. Sousa T, Soares T, Pinson P, Moret F, Baroche T, Sorin E. Peer-to-peer and community-based markets: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019 Apr 1;104:367-78.
15. Han J, Lim CS, Cho JH, Kim RY, Hyun DS. A high efficiency non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter with zero-voltage-transition. InIECON 2013-39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 2013 Nov 10 (pp. 198-203). IEEE.
16. Sachan S, Deb S, Singh SN. Different charging infrastructures along with smart charging strategies for electric vehicles. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020 Sep 1;60:102238.
17. Habib S, Khan MM, Abbas F, Tang H. Assessment of electric vehicles concerning impacts, charging infrastructure with unidirectional and bidirectional chargers, and power flow comparisons. International Journal of Energy Research. 2018 Sep;42(11):3416-41.
18. Lu X, Iyer KL, Mukherjee K, Kar NC. A dual purpose triangular neural network based module for monitoring and protection in bi-directional off-board level-3 charging of EV/PHEV. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2012 Aug 7;3(4):1670-8.
19. Gao F, Bozhko S, Costabeber A, Asher G, Wheeler P. Control design and voltage stability analysis of a droop- controlled electrical power system for more electric aircraft. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2017 Jun 2;64(12):9271-81.
20. Mohamed AA, Mohammed O. Bilayer predictive power flow controller for bidirectional operation of wirelessly connected electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2019 Mar 29;55(4):4258-67.
21. Godase V. Navigating the digital battlefield: An in-depth analysis of cyber-attacks and cybercrime. International Journal of Data Science, Bioinformatics and Cyber Security. 2025 Jan 17;1(1):16-27.
22. Mouli GC, Bauer P, Zeman M. Comparison of system architecture and converter topology for a solar powered electric vehicle charging station. In2015 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE- ECCE Asia) 2015 Jun 1 (pp. 1908-1915). IEEE.
23. Hou R, Magne P, Bilgin B, Emadi A. A topological evaluation of isolated DC/DC converters for auxiliary power modules in electrified vehicle applications. In2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) 2015 Mar 15 (pp. 1360-1366). IEEE.
24. Chakraborty S, Vu HN, Hasan MM, Tran DD, Baghdadi ME, Hegazy O. DC-DC converter topologies for electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and fast charging stations: State of the art and future trends. Energies. 2019 Apr 25;12(8):1569.
25. Godase V. Optimized algorithm for face recognition using Deepface and multi-task cascaded convolutional network (MTCNN). Optimum Science Journal. 2025 May 5.
26. Thirugnanam K, TP ER, Singh M, Kumar P. Mathematical modeling of Li-ion battery using genetic algorithm approach for V2G applications. IEEE transactions on Energy conversion. 2014 Jan 20;29(2):332-43.
27. Jing W, Hung Lai C, Wong SH, Wong ML. Battery‐supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in standalone DC microgrids: areview. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2017 Mar;11(4):461-9.
28. Bai H, Mi C. Eliminate reactive power and increase system efficiency of isolated bidirectional dual-active-bridge DC–DC converters using novel dual-phase-shift control. IEEE Transactions on power electronics. 2008 Nov 30;23(6):2905-14.
29. Dange R, Attar E, Ghodake P, Godase V. Smart agriculture automation using ESP8266 NodeMCU. J. Electron. Comput. Netw. Appl. Math,(35). 2023 Jul:1-9.
30. Rajashekara K. Present status and future trends in electric vehicle propulsion technologies. IEEE journal of emerging and selected topics in power electronics. 2013 Apr 23;1(1):3-10.

The swift increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) brings considerable prospects and difficulties for contemporary power distribution networks. This paper presents the performance evaluation of a 20 kW bidirectional EV charging station designed to facilitate both Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) power flow for enhanced smart grid support applications. The proposed topology integrates an AC/DC bidirectional converter interfaced to the 415 V, 50 Hz three-phase utility grid through a precision-designed LCL filter, followed by a non-isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter managing the 400 V, 50 kWh lithium- ion EV battery pack via a 700 V regulated DC link. A grid-following inverter control strategy employing a phase-locked loop (PLL) for synchronization, PI-based DC bus voltage regulation, and dq-frame current control ensures unity power factor operation under both charging and discharging modes. Comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink simulations confirm stable bidirectional power transfer with a peak system efficiency of 96.4% at rated load in G2V mode and 95.8% in V2G mode. The measured total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current is 2.87%, well within the IEEE 519-2022 limit of 5%. During V2G operation, the station delivers up to 18.5 kW of active power and ±9 kVAR of reactive power support to the grid. The results demonstrate that the proposed system effectively supports peak shaving, reactive power compensation, and frequency regulation, underscoring its viability as a smart grid asset. The outcomes of this study validate the technical and economic case for large-scale bidirectional EV charging infrastructure deployment.

Keywords - EV charging station; Bidirectional converter; V2G; Smart grid; Power quality; LCL filter

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Godase V. A comprehensive study of revolutionizing EV charging with solar-powered wireless solutions. Advance Research in Power Electronics and Devices e-ISSN. 2025 Apr 18:3048-7145.
2. Godase V, Pawar P, Nagane S, Kumbhar S. Automatic railway horn system using node MCU. Journal of Control & Instrumentation. 2024 Jan;15(1).
3. Deb S, Tammi K, Kalita K, Mahanta P. Impact of electric vehicle charging station load on distribution network. Energies. 2018 Jan 15;11(1):178.
4. Clement-Nyns K, Haesen E, Driesen J. The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid. IEEE Transactions on power systems. 2009 Dec 18;25(1):371-80.
5. Kempton W, Tomić J. Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue. Journal of power sources. 2005 Jun 1;144(1):268-79.
6. Liu C, Chau KT, Wu D, Gao S. Opportunities and challenges of vehicle-to-home, vehicle-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to- grid technologies. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2013 Jul 30;101(11):2409-27.
7. Tang X, Sun C, Bi S, Wang S, Zhang AY. A holistic review on advanced bi-directional EV charging control algorithms. ACM SIGEnergy Energy Informatics Review. 2021 Dec 28;1(1):78-88.
8. Yilmaz M, Krein PT. Review of battery charger topologies, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles. IEEE transactions on Power Electronics. 2012 Aug 23;28(5):2151-69.
9. Pena-Alzola R, Liserre M, Blaabjerg F, Sebastián R, Dannehl J, Fuchs FW. Analysis of the passive damping losses in LCL-filter-based grid converters. IEEE transactions on power electronics. 2012 Oct 5;28(6):2642-6.
10. Godase V. Advanced Neural Network Models for Optimal Energy Management in Microgrids with Integrated Electric Vehicles. InProceedings of the International Conference on Trends in Material Science and Inventive Materials (ICTMIM-2025) DVD Part Number: CFP250J1-DVD 2025 Apr 18.
11. Liu J, Zhang W, Rizzoni G. Robust stability analysis of DC microgrids with constant power loads. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2017 Apr 25;33(1):851-60.
12. Kisacikoglu MC, Kesler M, Tolbert LM. Single-phase on-board bidirectional PEV charger for V2G reactive power operation. IEEE Transactions on smart grid. 2014 Oct 15;6(2):767-75.
13. Shi C, Tang Y, Khaligh A. A single-phase integrated onboard battery charger using propulsion system for plug-in electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2017 Jul 19;66(12):10899-910.
14. Sousa T, Soares T, Pinson P, Moret F, Baroche T, Sorin E. Peer-to-peer and community-based markets: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019 Apr 1;104:367-78.
15. Han J, Lim CS, Cho JH, Kim RY, Hyun DS. A high efficiency non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter with zero-voltage-transition. InIECON 2013-39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 2013 Nov 10 (pp. 198-203). IEEE.
16. Sachan S, Deb S, Singh SN. Different charging infrastructures along with smart charging strategies for electric vehicles. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020 Sep 1;60:102238.
17. Habib S, Khan MM, Abbas F, Tang H. Assessment of electric vehicles concerning impacts, charging infrastructure with unidirectional and bidirectional chargers, and power flow comparisons. International Journal of Energy Research. 2018 Sep;42(11):3416-41.
18. Lu X, Iyer KL, Mukherjee K, Kar NC. A dual purpose triangular neural network based module for monitoring and protection in bi-directional off-board level-3 charging of EV/PHEV. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2012 Aug 7;3(4):1670-8.
19. Gao F, Bozhko S, Costabeber A, Asher G, Wheeler P. Control design and voltage stability analysis of a droop- controlled electrical power system for more electric aircraft. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2017 Jun 2;64(12):9271-81.
20. Mohamed AA, Mohammed O. Bilayer predictive power flow controller for bidirectional operation of wirelessly connected electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2019 Mar 29;55(4):4258-67.
21. Godase V. Navigating the digital battlefield: An in-depth analysis of cyber-attacks and cybercrime. International Journal of Data Science, Bioinformatics and Cyber Security. 2025 Jan 17;1(1):16-27.
22. Mouli GC, Bauer P, Zeman M. Comparison of system architecture and converter topology for a solar powered electric vehicle charging station. In2015 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE- ECCE Asia) 2015 Jun 1 (pp. 1908-1915). IEEE.
23. Hou R, Magne P, Bilgin B, Emadi A. A topological evaluation of isolated DC/DC converters for auxiliary power modules in electrified vehicle applications. In2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) 2015 Mar 15 (pp. 1360-1366). IEEE.
24. Chakraborty S, Vu HN, Hasan MM, Tran DD, Baghdadi ME, Hegazy O. DC-DC converter topologies for electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and fast charging stations: State of the art and future trends. Energies. 2019 Apr 25;12(8):1569.
25. Godase V. Optimized algorithm for face recognition using Deepface and multi-task cascaded convolutional network (MTCNN). Optimum Science Journal. 2025 May 5.
26. Thirugnanam K, TP ER, Singh M, Kumar P. Mathematical modeling of Li-ion battery using genetic algorithm approach for V2G applications. IEEE transactions on Energy conversion. 2014 Jan 20;29(2):332-43.
27. Jing W, Hung Lai C, Wong SH, Wong ML. Battery‐supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in standalone DC microgrids: areview. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2017 Mar;11(4):461-9.
28. Bai H, Mi C. Eliminate reactive power and increase system efficiency of isolated bidirectional dual-active-bridge DC–DC converters using novel dual-phase-shift control. IEEE Transactions on power electronics. 2008 Nov 30;23(6):2905-14.
29. Dange R, Attar E, Ghodake P, Godase V. Smart agriculture automation using ESP8266 NodeMCU. J. Electron. Comput. Netw. Appl. Math,(35). 2023 Jul:1-9.
30. Rajashekara K. Present status and future trends in electric vehicle propulsion technologies. IEEE journal of emerging and selected topics in power electronics. 2013 Apr 23;1(1):3-10.