The growing share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix, particularly photovoltaic (PV) installations, has resulted in the reduced grid inertia and system strength, thus presenting new challenges in terms of voltage and frequency stability in weak grid situations. Conventional grid-following (GFL) inverters rely on synchronizing with the grid and performing relatively poorly under specific situations such as disturbances, voltage sags, or islanding. It has been the aim of this research paper to undertake a thorough evaluation of the dynamic performance of a battery energy storage system (BESS) designed based on a Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) strategy. The authors devised a MATLAB/Simulink model to evaluate the system under IEEE 2800 scenarios including voltage dips, sudden changes of loads, weak-grid conditions, and outages. The Virtual Synchronous Machine- based grid-forming controller provides synthetic inertia, capabilities of regulating voltage and frequency, thus being able to make a seamless switch from grid connected to islanded mode by means of its implementation. The results demonstrate that the proposed system is capable of keeping the frequency deviation within ±0.08 Hz and the voltage deviation given the maximum settling time of below 1.5 s in all cases of disturbances. In comparison to traditional grid-following control systems, the methodology presented in this paper lowers frequency fluctuations by 40% and increases the settlement time by around 35%, improving both stability during transients and disturbance ride-through ability. In addition, the approach meets the requirements specified by IEEE 2800 for low voltage ride through and dynamic grid support in weak grid conditions. The results show that using the grid-forming BESS in conjunction with VSM control increases reliability, resilience, and flexibility of renewable-powered energy systems, which represents an effective solution for future power grids with high penetration of renewable generation.

Keywrods - Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Grid-Forming Control, IEEE 2800 Compliance, Renewable Energy Integration, Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM), Weak Grid Stability

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Rathnayake DB, Akrami M, Phurailatpam C, Me SP, Hadavi S, Jayasinghe G, Zabihi S, Bahrani B. Grid forming inverter modeling, control, and applications. Ieee Access. 2021 Aug 13;9:114781-807.
2. Kumar S, Kumar R, Singh N. Performance of closed loop SEPIC converter with DC-DC converter for solar energy system. In2017 4th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES) 2017 Mar 9 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
3. Kumar S, Dwivedi A, Tripathi AM. Assessment of Adaptive Neural-Fuzzy MPPT in Photovoltaic Grid Connected System. In2025 3rd International Conference on Communication, Security, and Artificial Intelligence (ICCSAI) 2025 Apr 4 (Vol. 3, pp. 843-848). IEEE.
4. Pandit HS, Das S. Improving Stability of GFL Inverter in Weak Grid using Paralleled GFM Inverter: Hardware Validation. In2025 11th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS) 2025 Dec 7 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
5. Verma P, Singh A, Tiwari R, Singh S, Kumar S. Performance Assessment of Single Phase PWM Inverter. In2025 IEEE 14th International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT) 2025 Mar 7 (pp. 1346-1350). IEEE.
6. Kumar S, Dwivedi A. Assessment of Protection Schemes for Transmission Line Faults and Restoration. In2025 IEEE 7th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA) 2025 Nov 28 (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
7. Mohammed N, Udawatte H, Zhou W, Hill DJ, Bahrani B. Grid-forming inverters: A comparative study of different control strategies in frequency and time domains. IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society. 2024 Mar 5;5:185-214.
8. Präger P, Bisseling A, Schrewe RS, Suriyah M, Leibfried T. Comparison of a Modular Multilevel Converter–Virtual Synchronous Machine to a Synchronous Generator of the same power class in different grid scenarios. In2022 IEEE 7th International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON) 2022 May 9 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
9. Sharma P, Saini KK, Mathur HD, Mishra P. Improved energy management strategy for prosumer buildings with renewable energy sources and battery energy storage systems. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy. 2024 Mar 25;12(2):381-92.
10. Kabsha MM, El Moursi MS, El-Fouly TH, Al- Durra A. Frequency and voltage disturbances ride-through control strategy for pv power plants. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2024 Nov 18;16(2):1068-83
11. Li Y, Wu H, Xiong Y, Li Z, Wang X. Impact of IEEE standard 2800-compliant inverters on the performance of phase selection elements in protective relays. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2025 Dec 17.
12. Kumar S, Dwivedi B, Shrivastava NA. A game theory strategy-based bidding evaluation for power generation market. IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 2021 May 14;44(3):283-8.
13. Kumar S, Kumari N, Yadav N, Yadav T. Solar-Based Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles: A Sustainable Approach. Journal of Multi Disciplinary Engineering Technologies. 2025;18(2):1-8.
14. Kaur A, Shukla RD, Bhagawati R, Vig S. Adaptive Energy Management for Grid- Connected EV Charging Stations Using Solar PV and Battery Storage. In2025 International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICE3) 2025 Sep 19 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

The growing share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix, particularly photovoltaic (PV) installations, has resulted in the reduced grid inertia and system strength, thus presenting new challenges in terms of voltage and frequency stability in weak grid situations. Conventional grid-following (GFL) inverters rely on synchronizing with the grid and performing relatively poorly under specific situations such as disturbances, voltage sags, or islanding. It has been the aim of this research paper to undertake a thorough evaluation of the dynamic performance of a battery energy storage system (BESS) designed based on a Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) strategy. The authors devised a MATLAB/Simulink model to evaluate the system under IEEE 2800 scenarios including voltage dips, sudden changes of loads, weak-grid conditions, and outages. The Virtual Synchronous Machine- based grid-forming controller provides synthetic inertia, capabilities of regulating voltage and frequency, thus being able to make a seamless switch from grid connected to islanded mode by means of its implementation. The results demonstrate that the proposed system is capable of keeping the frequency deviation within ±0.08 Hz and the voltage deviation given the maximum settling time of below 1.5 s in all cases of disturbances. In comparison to traditional grid-following control systems, the methodology presented in this paper lowers frequency fluctuations by 40% and increases the settlement time by around 35%, improving both stability during transients and disturbance ride-through ability. In addition, the approach meets the requirements specified by IEEE 2800 for low voltage ride through and dynamic grid support in weak grid conditions. The results show that using the grid-forming BESS in conjunction with VSM control increases reliability, resilience, and flexibility of renewable-powered energy systems, which represents an effective solution for future power grids with high penetration of renewable generation.

Keywrods - Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Grid-Forming Control, IEEE 2800 Compliance, Renewable Energy Integration, Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM), Weak Grid Stability

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Rathnayake DB, Akrami M, Phurailatpam C, Me SP, Hadavi S, Jayasinghe G, Zabihi S, Bahrani B. Grid forming inverter modeling, control, and applications. Ieee Access. 2021 Aug 13;9:114781-807.
2. Kumar S, Kumar R, Singh N. Performance of closed loop SEPIC converter with DC-DC converter for solar energy system. In2017 4th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES) 2017 Mar 9 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
3. Kumar S, Dwivedi A, Tripathi AM. Assessment of Adaptive Neural-Fuzzy MPPT in Photovoltaic Grid Connected System. In2025 3rd International Conference on Communication, Security, and Artificial Intelligence (ICCSAI) 2025 Apr 4 (Vol. 3, pp. 843-848). IEEE.
4. Pandit HS, Das S. Improving Stability of GFL Inverter in Weak Grid using Paralleled GFM Inverter: Hardware Validation. In2025 11th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS) 2025 Dec 7 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
5. Verma P, Singh A, Tiwari R, Singh S, Kumar S. Performance Assessment of Single Phase PWM Inverter. In2025 IEEE 14th International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT) 2025 Mar 7 (pp. 1346-1350). IEEE.
6. Kumar S, Dwivedi A. Assessment of Protection Schemes for Transmission Line Faults and Restoration. In2025 IEEE 7th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA) 2025 Nov 28 (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
7. Mohammed N, Udawatte H, Zhou W, Hill DJ, Bahrani B. Grid-forming inverters: A comparative study of different control strategies in frequency and time domains. IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society. 2024 Mar 5;5:185-214.
8. Präger P, Bisseling A, Schrewe RS, Suriyah M, Leibfried T. Comparison of a Modular Multilevel Converter–Virtual Synchronous Machine to a Synchronous Generator of the same power class in different grid scenarios. In2022 IEEE 7th International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON) 2022 May 9 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
9. Sharma P, Saini KK, Mathur HD, Mishra P. Improved energy management strategy for prosumer buildings with renewable energy sources and battery energy storage systems. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy. 2024 Mar 25;12(2):381-92.
10. Kabsha MM, El Moursi MS, El-Fouly TH, Al- Durra A. Frequency and voltage disturbances ride-through control strategy for pv power plants. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2024 Nov 18;16(2):1068-83
11. Li Y, Wu H, Xiong Y, Li Z, Wang X. Impact of IEEE standard 2800-compliant inverters on the performance of phase selection elements in protective relays. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2025 Dec 17.
12. Kumar S, Dwivedi B, Shrivastava NA. A game theory strategy-based bidding evaluation for power generation market. IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 2021 May 14;44(3):283-8.
13. Kumar S, Kumari N, Yadav N, Yadav T. Solar-Based Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles: A Sustainable Approach. Journal of Multi Disciplinary Engineering Technologies. 2025;18(2):1-8.
14. Kaur A, Shukla RD, Bhagawati R, Vig S. Adaptive Energy Management for Grid- Connected EV Charging Stations Using Solar PV and Battery Storage. In2025 International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICE3) 2025 Sep 19 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.