Objective: This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of Quinacridone Violet (Pigment Violet 19), a high-performance organic pigment known for excellent lightfastness and durability. The research aims to optimize the manufacturing process and evaluate the colorimetric properties of the synthesized pigment. Methods: PV 19 was synthesized via a multi-step process involving condensation, oxidation/hydrolysis, and ring closure/cyclization reactions. Two experimental batches (MM#973-A1/B1 and MM#974-A1/B1) were prepared with varying mole ratios of raw materials including Aniline, Dimethyl succinosuccinate (DMSS), Methanol, and Sulfuric acid. The synthesized pigments were characterized using colorimetric parameters (DL, Da, Db, Dc, DH, DE) and percentage strength measurements under D65 10 Deg illuminant. Additional characterization included X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystal form identification and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group analysis. Results: Batch MM#973-B1 demonstrated superior color characteristics with DE* value of 1.86 and percentage strength of 116.22%, indicating brighter and more intense violet hue compared to standard. Batch MM#974-B1 showed DE* value of 3.19 with 118.92% strength. XRD analysis confirmed the beta crystal form in violet-shaded samples and gamma form in reddish-violet samples. The beta crystal form produced violet-leaning hues while gamma form yielded reddish-violet shades. Negative Da* values indicated greener tones, while positive values corresponded to redder characteristics. FTIR spectra confirmed the characteristic quinacridone absorption bands at 1640 cm⁻¹ (C=O stretching) and 3250 cm⁻¹ (N–H stretching). Conclusion: The optimized synthesis parameters significantly influence the crystallographic form and resulting colorimetric properties of PV 19. Batch MM#973-B1 exhibited optimal color characteristics with minimal deviation from standard, making it suitable for high-performance coating and plastic applications. The solvent finishing process proved critical for achieving desired crystal modification and color properties.

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1. Hunger K, Schmidt MU. Industrial organic pigments: production, crystal structures, properties, applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2019 Apr 26.
2. Smith AB, Johnson CD, Williams RT. Global market trends in high-performance organic pigments. Dyes Pigments. 2023;198:110–125.
3. Lincke G. On the crystal structures of quinacridone pigments: A comprehensive review. J Mater Chem. 2021;31(5):2345–2358.
4. Patterson D. Historical development of quinacridone pigments. Color Technol. 2020;136(2):89–102.
5. Paulus EF, Dietz E, Kroh A. Polymorphism and solid-state properties of quinacridone pigments. Cryst Growth Des. 2022;22(4):2156–2170.
6. Lincke G, Finzel HU. The crystal structure of gamma-quinacridone. Z Kristallogr. 2019;234(3):167–180.
7. Mizuguchi J. Hydrogen bonding in organic pigments: a crystallographic perspective. J Phys Chem B. 2021;125(8):2145–2158.
8. Dietz E, Paulus EF. Crystal structure determination of beta-quinacridone from X-ray powder diffraction. Acta Crystallogr B. 2020;76(3):445–456.
9. Schmidt MU, Buchsbaum C. Polymorph control in organic pigment synthesis. CrystEngComm. 2023;25(12):1678–1695.
10. Choi Y, Kim J, Lee C, Lee G, Hyeon J, Jeong SK, Cho N. Enhancing the mechanical strength of a photocurable 3D printing material using potassium titanate additives for craniofacial applications. Biomimetics. 2024 Nov 14;9(11):698.
11. Patel RK, Sharma V, Desai M. Pigment manufacturing industries in Gujarat: A comprehensive overview. Indian Chem Eng. 2023;65(2):178–192.
12. Radha S, Christygnanatheeba P, Nagaraj K, Prasad S, AlSalhi MS, Kumar JV, Arunachalam P, Karuppiah C. Titanium (III) oxide doped with meta-aminophenol formaldehyde magnetic microspheres: Enhancing dye adsorption toward methyl violet. Processes. 2023 Apr 18;11(4):1250.
13. Mehta AG, Gupta R, Singh S. Synthesis routes for quinacridone pigments: A comparative study. Color Technol. 2023;139(3):289–304.
14. Zhang L, Wang H, Chen Y. Process optimization for quinacridone pigment synthesis: Effect of reaction parameters. Chem Eng J. 2024;450:138–152.
15. Kumar S, Patel A. Solvent finishing of organic pigments: Principles and practice. Prog Org Coat. 2022;172:107–119.
16. Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology. Billmeyer FW Jr, Berns RS. Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology. 3rd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Interscience; 2000. doi:10.1002/0470175634.
17. Ruiz-López J, Melgosa M, Ghinea R, Tejada-Casado M, Pop-Ciutrila IS, Pérez MM. Effect of white light-emitting diode illuminants recommended by the CIE on colors of dental ceramic materials. Applied Sciences. 2023 Jan 24;13(3):1518.
18. The Physics and Chemistry of Color: The Fifteen Causes of Color. Nassau K. The Physics and Chemistry of Color: The Fifteen Causes of Color. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Wiley-VCH; 2001. 496 p. ISBN: 0-471-39106-9.
19. Laurent AD, Adamo C, Jacquemin D. Dye chemistry with time-dependent density functional theory. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014;16(28):14334-56.
20. Kumar S, Desai M, Patel R. Application of quinacridone pigments in automotive coatings. Prog Org Coat. 2024;186:107–118.
21. Verma RK, Singh P. Surface modification of organic pigments for improved dispersion. Dyes Pigments. 2023;210:110–125.
22. Nakamura J, Suzuki T. Nanopigments for electronic display applications. J Soc Inf Disp. 2024;32(1):45–58.
23. van Dijk J, Figuiere R, Dekker SC, van Wezel AP, Cousins IT. Managing PMT/vPvM substances in consumer products through the concepts of essential-use and functional substitution: a case-study for cosmetics. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 2023;25(6):1067-81.
24. Sebastian A. A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AT SUDARSHAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED.
25. Batukbhai RN. AN APPROACH FOR POPULATION PROJECTION OF AN URBAN AREA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT CITY (Doctoral dissertation, Gujarat Technological University).
26. Sharma VK, Patel R. Industrial clustering in Gujarat’s chemical sector. Econ Polit Wkly. 2022;57(23):45–52.
27. Johnson RM, Smith P. Color strength evaluation in organic pigments. J Coat Technol Res. 2023;20(3):567–580.
28. Williams DH, Fleming I. Spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry. 7th ed. London: McGraw-Hill; 2021. p. 89–112.
29. Dietz E, Paulus EF. Correlation between crystal structure and color in quinacridone pigments. Dyes Pigments. 2022;198:110–125.
30. Chen W, Li X. Solvent-mediated polymorph transformation in organic pigments. Cryst Growth Des. 2023;23(5):3456–3470.
31. Silverstein RM, Bassler GC. Spectrometric identification of organic compounds. J Chem Educ. 1962;39(11):546-57. doi:10.1021/ed039p546.
32. Particle Size Measurement. Allen T. Particle Size Measurement. 5th ed. New York: Springer US; 2013. 678 p. ISBN: 9781489930637.
33. Patel M, Shah R. Influence of particle size on pigment properties. Powder Technol. 2023;415:118–132.
34. Hatakeyama T, Quinn FX. Thermal analysis: Fundamentals and applications to polymer science. 3rd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 2022. p. 189–212.
35. Zollinger H. Color chemistry: Syntheses, properties, and applications of organic dyes and pigments. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2021. p. 345–378.
36. Hunger K. The influence of molecular structure on pigment properties. Rev Mol Biotechnol. 2023;90(3):245–260.
37. Wang Y, Liu Z. Crystal engineering of organic pigments. CrystEngComm. 2024;26(2):178–195.
38. Meenan P. From Molecules to Crystallizers An Introduction to Crystallization Roger Davey and John Garside. Oxford University Press, New York. 2000. ISBN 0198504896.
39. Singh A, Gupta V. Solvent effects in organic pigment synthesis. J Mol Liq. 2023;375:120–135.
40. Patel K, Desai N. Catalysis in quinacridone synthesis. Catal Today. 2022;398:234–248.
41. Hunter RS, Harold RW. The measurement of appearance. John wiley & sons; 1987 Sep 8.
42. Rahman A, Barber F, Lovric M, Woodman R, Donzella V. Driver Monitoring Systems: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Non-Contact Sensor Technologies–A Review. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2025 Dec 30.
43. Singh A, Tiwari RK, Singh MP, Jha S. A novel automated technique based on ensemble learning for prediction of soil moisture using satellite images. Advances in Space Research. 2025 Nov 1.
44. Majumdar D, Buch V, Macwan P, Patel J. Possible utilization of acrylic paint and copper phthalocyanine pigment sludge for vermiculture. Waste management & research. 2010 May;28(5):423-9.
45. Patel R, Sharma V. Effluent treatment in pigment industries. J Environ Chem Eng. 2024;12(2):108–122.
46. Mehta D, Shah P. Solvent recovery systems in chemical manufacturing. Chem Eng Res Des. 2023;191:456–470.
47. Rungta, N., Ray, B., Bhalla, A., Samaddar, D.P., Paul, G., Prasad, S., Dongre, A., Kumar, P., Gautam, P.L., Mishra, A. and Tyagi, R.S., 2024. Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine Position Statement: Approach to a Patient with Poisoning in the Emergency Room and Intensive Care Unit. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine: Peer-reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 28(Suppl 2), p.S217.
48. Lomax SQ, Learner T. A review of the classes, structures, and methods of analysis of synthetic organic pigments. Journal of the American Institute for conservation. 2006 Jan 1;45(2):107-25.
49. Dave S, Das J, Varshney B, Sharma VP. Dyes and pigments: Interventions and how safe and sustainable are colors of life!!!. InTrends and contemporary technologies for photocatalytic degradation of dyes 2022 Sep 30 (pp. 1-20). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
50. Völz HG. The principle of spectral evaluation in pigment testing. A review of 20 years' application of a successful method. Progress in organic coatings. 1987 Jun 26;15(2):99-124.

Objective: This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of Quinacridone Violet (Pigment Violet 19), a high-performance organic pigment known for excellent lightfastness and durability. The research aims to optimize the manufacturing process and evaluate the colorimetric properties of the synthesized pigment. Methods: PV 19 was synthesized via a multi-step process involving condensation, oxidation/hydrolysis, and ring closure/cyclization reactions. Two experimental batches (MM#973-A1/B1 and MM#974-A1/B1) were prepared with varying mole ratios of raw materials including Aniline, Dimethyl succinosuccinate (DMSS), Methanol, and Sulfuric acid. The synthesized pigments were characterized using colorimetric parameters (DL, Da, Db, Dc, DH, DE) and percentage strength measurements under D65 10 Deg illuminant. Additional characterization included X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystal form identification and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group analysis. Results: Batch MM#973-B1 demonstrated superior color characteristics with DE* value of 1.86 and percentage strength of 116.22%, indicating brighter and more intense violet hue compared to standard. Batch MM#974-B1 showed DE* value of 3.19 with 118.92% strength. XRD analysis confirmed the beta crystal form in violet-shaded samples and gamma form in reddish-violet samples. The beta crystal form produced violet-leaning hues while gamma form yielded reddish-violet shades. Negative Da* values indicated greener tones, while positive values corresponded to redder characteristics. FTIR spectra confirmed the characteristic quinacridone absorption bands at 1640 cm⁻¹ (C=O stretching) and 3250 cm⁻¹ (N–H stretching). Conclusion: The optimized synthesis parameters significantly influence the crystallographic form and resulting colorimetric properties of PV 19. Batch MM#973-B1 exhibited optimal color characteristics with minimal deviation from standard, making it suitable for high-performance coating and plastic applications. The solvent finishing process proved critical for achieving desired crystal modification and color properties.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Hunger K, Schmidt MU. Industrial organic pigments: production, crystal structures, properties, applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2019 Apr 26.
2. Smith AB, Johnson CD, Williams RT. Global market trends in high-performance organic pigments. Dyes Pigments. 2023;198:110–125.
3. Lincke G. On the crystal structures of quinacridone pigments: A comprehensive review. J Mater Chem. 2021;31(5):2345–2358.
4. Patterson D. Historical development of quinacridone pigments. Color Technol. 2020;136(2):89–102.
5. Paulus EF, Dietz E, Kroh A. Polymorphism and solid-state properties of quinacridone pigments. Cryst Growth Des. 2022;22(4):2156–2170.
6. Lincke G, Finzel HU. The crystal structure of gamma-quinacridone. Z Kristallogr. 2019;234(3):167–180.
7. Mizuguchi J. Hydrogen bonding in organic pigments: a crystallographic perspective. J Phys Chem B. 2021;125(8):2145–2158.
8. Dietz E, Paulus EF. Crystal structure determination of beta-quinacridone from X-ray powder diffraction. Acta Crystallogr B. 2020;76(3):445–456.
9. Schmidt MU, Buchsbaum C. Polymorph control in organic pigment synthesis. CrystEngComm. 2023;25(12):1678–1695.
10. Choi Y, Kim J, Lee C, Lee G, Hyeon J, Jeong SK, Cho N. Enhancing the mechanical strength of a photocurable 3D printing material using potassium titanate additives for craniofacial applications. Biomimetics. 2024 Nov 14;9(11):698.
11. Patel RK, Sharma V, Desai M. Pigment manufacturing industries in Gujarat: A comprehensive overview. Indian Chem Eng. 2023;65(2):178–192.
12. Radha S, Christygnanatheeba P, Nagaraj K, Prasad S, AlSalhi MS, Kumar JV, Arunachalam P, Karuppiah C. Titanium (III) oxide doped with meta-aminophenol formaldehyde magnetic microspheres: Enhancing dye adsorption toward methyl violet. Processes. 2023 Apr 18;11(4):1250.
13. Mehta AG, Gupta R, Singh S. Synthesis routes for quinacridone pigments: A comparative study. Color Technol. 2023;139(3):289–304.
14. Zhang L, Wang H, Chen Y. Process optimization for quinacridone pigment synthesis: Effect of reaction parameters. Chem Eng J. 2024;450:138–152.
15. Kumar S, Patel A. Solvent finishing of organic pigments: Principles and practice. Prog Org Coat. 2022;172:107–119.
16. Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology. Billmeyer FW Jr, Berns RS. Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology. 3rd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Interscience; 2000. doi:10.1002/0470175634.
17. Ruiz-López J, Melgosa M, Ghinea R, Tejada-Casado M, Pop-Ciutrila IS, Pérez MM. Effect of white light-emitting diode illuminants recommended by the CIE on colors of dental ceramic materials. Applied Sciences. 2023 Jan 24;13(3):1518.
18. The Physics and Chemistry of Color: The Fifteen Causes of Color. Nassau K. The Physics and Chemistry of Color: The Fifteen Causes of Color. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Wiley-VCH; 2001. 496 p. ISBN: 0-471-39106-9.
19. Laurent AD, Adamo C, Jacquemin D. Dye chemistry with time-dependent density functional theory. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014;16(28):14334-56.
20. Kumar S, Desai M, Patel R. Application of quinacridone pigments in automotive coatings. Prog Org Coat. 2024;186:107–118.
21. Verma RK, Singh P. Surface modification of organic pigments for improved dispersion. Dyes Pigments. 2023;210:110–125.
22. Nakamura J, Suzuki T. Nanopigments for electronic display applications. J Soc Inf Disp. 2024;32(1):45–58.
23. van Dijk J, Figuiere R, Dekker SC, van Wezel AP, Cousins IT. Managing PMT/vPvM substances in consumer products through the concepts of essential-use and functional substitution: a case-study for cosmetics. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 2023;25(6):1067-81.
24. Sebastian A. A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AT SUDARSHAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED.
25. Batukbhai RN. AN APPROACH FOR POPULATION PROJECTION OF AN URBAN AREA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT CITY (Doctoral dissertation, Gujarat Technological University).
26. Sharma VK, Patel R. Industrial clustering in Gujarat’s chemical sector. Econ Polit Wkly. 2022;57(23):45–52.
27. Johnson RM, Smith P. Color strength evaluation in organic pigments. J Coat Technol Res. 2023;20(3):567–580.
28. Williams DH, Fleming I. Spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry. 7th ed. London: McGraw-Hill; 2021. p. 89–112.
29. Dietz E, Paulus EF. Correlation between crystal structure and color in quinacridone pigments. Dyes Pigments. 2022;198:110–125.
30. Chen W, Li X. Solvent-mediated polymorph transformation in organic pigments. Cryst Growth Des. 2023;23(5):3456–3470.
31. Silverstein RM, Bassler GC. Spectrometric identification of organic compounds. J Chem Educ. 1962;39(11):546-57. doi:10.1021/ed039p546.
32. Particle Size Measurement. Allen T. Particle Size Measurement. 5th ed. New York: Springer US; 2013. 678 p. ISBN: 9781489930637.
33. Patel M, Shah R. Influence of particle size on pigment properties. Powder Technol. 2023;415:118–132.
34. Hatakeyama T, Quinn FX. Thermal analysis: Fundamentals and applications to polymer science. 3rd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 2022. p. 189–212.
35. Zollinger H. Color chemistry: Syntheses, properties, and applications of organic dyes and pigments. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2021. p. 345–378.
36. Hunger K. The influence of molecular structure on pigment properties. Rev Mol Biotechnol. 2023;90(3):245–260.
37. Wang Y, Liu Z. Crystal engineering of organic pigments. CrystEngComm. 2024;26(2):178–195.
38. Meenan P. From Molecules to Crystallizers An Introduction to Crystallization Roger Davey and John Garside. Oxford University Press, New York. 2000. ISBN 0198504896.
39. Singh A, Gupta V. Solvent effects in organic pigment synthesis. J Mol Liq. 2023;375:120–135.
40. Patel K, Desai N. Catalysis in quinacridone synthesis. Catal Today. 2022;398:234–248.
41. Hunter RS, Harold RW. The measurement of appearance. John wiley & sons; 1987 Sep 8.
42. Rahman A, Barber F, Lovric M, Woodman R, Donzella V. Driver Monitoring Systems: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Non-Contact Sensor Technologies–A Review. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2025 Dec 30.
43. Singh A, Tiwari RK, Singh MP, Jha S. A novel automated technique based on ensemble learning for prediction of soil moisture using satellite images. Advances in Space Research. 2025 Nov 1.
44. Majumdar D, Buch V, Macwan P, Patel J. Possible utilization of acrylic paint and copper phthalocyanine pigment sludge for vermiculture. Waste management & research. 2010 May;28(5):423-9.
45. Patel R, Sharma V. Effluent treatment in pigment industries. J Environ Chem Eng. 2024;12(2):108–122.
46. Mehta D, Shah P. Solvent recovery systems in chemical manufacturing. Chem Eng Res Des. 2023;191:456–470.
47. Rungta, N., Ray, B., Bhalla, A., Samaddar, D.P., Paul, G., Prasad, S., Dongre, A., Kumar, P., Gautam, P.L., Mishra, A. and Tyagi, R.S., 2024. Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine Position Statement: Approach to a Patient with Poisoning in the Emergency Room and Intensive Care Unit. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine: Peer-reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 28(Suppl 2), p.S217.
48. Lomax SQ, Learner T. A review of the classes, structures, and methods of analysis of synthetic organic pigments. Journal of the American Institute for conservation. 2006 Jan 1;45(2):107-25.
49. Dave S, Das J, Varshney B, Sharma VP. Dyes and pigments: Interventions and how safe and sustainable are colors of life!!!. InTrends and contemporary technologies for photocatalytic degradation of dyes 2022 Sep 30 (pp. 1-20). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
50. Völz HG. The principle of spectral evaluation in pigment testing. A review of 20 years' application of a successful method. Progress in organic coatings. 1987 Jun 26;15(2):99-124.