The safety, efficiency, and longevity of batteries which are the most common with solar panels require a battery management system (BMS). Among the key functions of the BMS is to measure the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery which is a measure of the energy left in the battery. It is the exact value of SOC that prevents overcharging or over discharging of the battery. Furthermore, the research shows that BMS installations must have the necessary protective measures to avoid such a situation as the excess flow of current into the battery. To make the BMS retrieve the battery status, communication modes such as the ZigBee can be used which are not only simple but also very reliable. The BMSs in the complicated arrangements like plug-in hybrid cars also have the responsibility of temperature control, health, and power management in addition to other responsibilities. The role of the BMS in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is even greater because the BMS must control the energy flow among the battery, the engine, and the other components. Moreover, the BMS should accept solar radiation, and do the charging in the most convenient and fast manner in case photovoltaic panels are integrated. This is because BMS, solar panels and accurate SOC reading all assist in making hybrid cars safe, reliable, and energy saving, ultimately. When solar panels are fed to the BMS, the management of a solar energy and charging of the battery is properly handled by the management system. Concisely, effective work of a properly functioning BMS along with the application of solar technology and precise recording of SOC makes the system safer, more reliable and with reduced energy consumption.

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1. Prakash K, Ali M, Islam N, Chand AA, Kumar NM, Dong D, et al. A review of battery energy storage systems for ancillary services in distribution grids: current status, challenges and future directions. Front Energy Res. 2022 Sep;10.
2. Yin K, Xiao Y, Shen X, Zhu Y, Yang Y. Review of photovoltaic–battery energy storage systems for grid-forming operation. Batteries (Basel). 2024 Aug 12;10(8):288. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/10/8/288.
3. Rekioua D. Energy storage systems for photovoltaic and wind systems: a review. Energies. 2023 May 4;16(9):3893.
4. Deguenon L, Yamegueu D, Kadri SM, Aboubakar Gomna. Overcoming the challenges of integrating variable renewable energy to the grid: a comprehensive review of electrochemical battery storage systems. J Power Sources. 2023 Jun 24;580:233343.
5. Li B, Liu Z, Wu Y, Wang P, Liu R, Zhang L. Review on photovoltaic with battery energy storage system for power supply to buildings: challenges and opportunities. J Energy Storage. 2023 May;61:106763. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352152X23001603.
6. Ma Z, Jia M, Koltermann L, Blömeke A, De Doncker RW, Li W, et al. Review on grid-tied modular battery energy storage systems: configuration classifications, control advances, and performance evaluations. J Energy Storage. 2023 Dec;74:109272. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352152X23026701.
7. Adeyinka AM, Esan OC, Ijaola AO, Farayibi PK. Advancements in hybrid energy storage systems for enhancing renewable energy-to-grid integration. Sustain Energy Res. 2024 Jul 20;11(1). Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40807-024-00120-4.
8. Naidu IE, Padmavathi T, Padmavathi SV, Kumar BU. Intelligence based controlling models for effective power tracking and voltage enhancement in grid-PV systems.
9. Katche ML, Makokha AB, Zachary SO, Adaramola MS. A comprehensive review of maximum power point tracking techniques used in solar PV systems. 2023 Feb 24;16(5):2206.
10. Abdelsattar M, Mohamed HA, Ismeil MA, Zaki Diab AA. Maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic module based on particle swarm optimization enhanced with quasi-Newton method. PLoS One. 2025 Jul 10;20(7):e0327542.
11. Ashok B, Kannan C, Mason B, Ashok SD, Indragandhi V, Patel D, et al. Towards safer and smarter design for lithium-ion-battery-powered electric vehicles: a comprehensive review on control strategy architecture of battery management system. 2022 Jun 8;15(12):4227.
12. Magsumbol JA, Rosales MA, Palconit MG, Concepcion RS II, Bandala AA, Vicerra RR, et al. A review of smart battery management systems for LiFePO₄: key issues and estimation techniques for microgrids. J Adv Comput Intell Intell Inform. 2022 Sep 20;26(5):824–833.
13. Nyamathulla S, Dhanamjayulu C. A review of battery energy storage systems and advanced battery management system for different applications: challenges and recommendations. J Energy Storage. 2024 May 1;86:111179.
14. Nazaralizadeh S, Banerjee P, Srivastava AK, Famouri P. Battery energy storage systems: a review of energy management systems and health metrics. Energies. 2024 Mar 6;17(5):1250.
15. Suganya R, Joseph LL, Kollem S. Understanding lithium-ion battery management systems in electric vehicles: environmental and health impacts, comparative study, and future trends: a review. Results Eng. 2024 Dec 1;24:103047.
16. Kapse R, Ghutke P. Review on design and analysis of battery management system for electric vehicles. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol. 2024.
17. Zhang Q, Shang Y, Li Y, Zhu R. A concise review of power batteries and battery management systems for electric and hybrid vehicles. Energies. 2025 Jul 15;18(14):3750.
18. Rahmani P, Chakraborty S, Mele I, Katrašnik T, Bernhard S, Pruefling S, et al. Driving the future: a comprehensive review of automotive battery management system technologies and future trends. J Power Sources. 2025 Feb 15;629:235827.
19. Njoku JN, Nkoro EC, Medina RM, Nwakanma CI, Lee JM, Kim DS. Leveraging digital twin technology for battery management: a case study review. IEEE Access. 2025 Jan 20.
20. Talukdar A, Patil RS, Kaushik A, Naha A, Adiga SP, Jung D, et al. Physics informed Li-ion cell parameter estimation using characteristic response isolation. J Energy Storage. 2020 Dec 1;32:101962.

The safety, efficiency, and longevity of batteries which are the most common with solar panels require a battery management system (BMS). Among the key functions of the BMS is to measure the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery which is a measure of the energy left in the battery. It is the exact value of SOC that prevents overcharging or over discharging of the battery. Furthermore, the research shows that BMS installations must have the necessary protective measures to avoid such a situation as the excess flow of current into the battery. To make the BMS retrieve the battery status, communication modes such as the ZigBee can be used which are not only simple but also very reliable. The BMSs in the complicated arrangements like plug-in hybrid cars also have the responsibility of temperature control, health, and power management in addition to other responsibilities. The role of the BMS in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is even greater because the BMS must control the energy flow among the battery, the engine, and the other components. Moreover, the BMS should accept solar radiation, and do the charging in the most convenient and fast manner in case photovoltaic panels are integrated. This is because BMS, solar panels and accurate SOC reading all assist in making hybrid cars safe, reliable, and energy saving, ultimately. When solar panels are fed to the BMS, the management of a solar energy and charging of the battery is properly handled by the management system. Concisely, effective work of a properly functioning BMS along with the application of solar technology and precise recording of SOC makes the system safer, more reliable and with reduced energy consumption.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Prakash K, Ali M, Islam N, Chand AA, Kumar NM, Dong D, et al. A review of battery energy storage systems for ancillary services in distribution grids: current status, challenges and future directions. Front Energy Res. 2022 Sep;10.
2. Yin K, Xiao Y, Shen X, Zhu Y, Yang Y. Review of photovoltaic–battery energy storage systems for grid-forming operation. Batteries (Basel). 2024 Aug 12;10(8):288. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/10/8/288.
3. Rekioua D. Energy storage systems for photovoltaic and wind systems: a review. Energies. 2023 May 4;16(9):3893.
4. Deguenon L, Yamegueu D, Kadri SM, Aboubakar Gomna. Overcoming the challenges of integrating variable renewable energy to the grid: a comprehensive review of electrochemical battery storage systems. J Power Sources. 2023 Jun 24;580:233343.
5. Li B, Liu Z, Wu Y, Wang P, Liu R, Zhang L. Review on photovoltaic with battery energy storage system for power supply to buildings: challenges and opportunities. J Energy Storage. 2023 May;61:106763. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352152X23001603.
6. Ma Z, Jia M, Koltermann L, Blömeke A, De Doncker RW, Li W, et al. Review on grid-tied modular battery energy storage systems: configuration classifications, control advances, and performance evaluations. J Energy Storage. 2023 Dec;74:109272. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352152X23026701.
7. Adeyinka AM, Esan OC, Ijaola AO, Farayibi PK. Advancements in hybrid energy storage systems for enhancing renewable energy-to-grid integration. Sustain Energy Res. 2024 Jul 20;11(1). Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40807-024-00120-4.
8. Naidu IE, Padmavathi T, Padmavathi SV, Kumar BU. Intelligence based controlling models for effective power tracking and voltage enhancement in grid-PV systems.
9. Katche ML, Makokha AB, Zachary SO, Adaramola MS. A comprehensive review of maximum power point tracking techniques used in solar PV systems. 2023 Feb 24;16(5):2206.
10. Abdelsattar M, Mohamed HA, Ismeil MA, Zaki Diab AA. Maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic module based on particle swarm optimization enhanced with quasi-Newton method. PLoS One. 2025 Jul 10;20(7):e0327542.
11. Ashok B, Kannan C, Mason B, Ashok SD, Indragandhi V, Patel D, et al. Towards safer and smarter design for lithium-ion-battery-powered electric vehicles: a comprehensive review on control strategy architecture of battery management system. 2022 Jun 8;15(12):4227.
12. Magsumbol JA, Rosales MA, Palconit MG, Concepcion RS II, Bandala AA, Vicerra RR, et al. A review of smart battery management systems for LiFePO₄: key issues and estimation techniques for microgrids. J Adv Comput Intell Intell Inform. 2022 Sep 20;26(5):824–833.
13. Nyamathulla S, Dhanamjayulu C. A review of battery energy storage systems and advanced battery management system for different applications: challenges and recommendations. J Energy Storage. 2024 May 1;86:111179.
14. Nazaralizadeh S, Banerjee P, Srivastava AK, Famouri P. Battery energy storage systems: a review of energy management systems and health metrics. Energies. 2024 Mar 6;17(5):1250.
15. Suganya R, Joseph LL, Kollem S. Understanding lithium-ion battery management systems in electric vehicles: environmental and health impacts, comparative study, and future trends: a review. Results Eng. 2024 Dec 1;24:103047.
16. Kapse R, Ghutke P. Review on design and analysis of battery management system for electric vehicles. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol. 2024.
17. Zhang Q, Shang Y, Li Y, Zhu R. A concise review of power batteries and battery management systems for electric and hybrid vehicles. Energies. 2025 Jul 15;18(14):3750.
18. Rahmani P, Chakraborty S, Mele I, Katrašnik T, Bernhard S, Pruefling S, et al. Driving the future: a comprehensive review of automotive battery management system technologies and future trends. J Power Sources. 2025 Feb 15;629:235827.
19. Njoku JN, Nkoro EC, Medina RM, Nwakanma CI, Lee JM, Kim DS. Leveraging digital twin technology for battery management: a case study review. IEEE Access. 2025 Jan 20.
20. Talukdar A, Patil RS, Kaushik A, Naha A, Adiga SP, Jung D, et al. Physics informed Li-ion cell parameter estimation using characteristic response isolation. J Energy Storage. 2020 Dec 1;32:101962.