With the growing global demand for energy, significant concerns are also growing because of its environmental impacts. The process of production and consumption of energy itself has harmful effects on the environment. Buildings are one of the major contributors to energy consumption in the modern world. The Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system accounts for most of the building’s energy consumption and is important for providing a comfortable indoor environment for its users. However, HVAC systems contribute significantly to GHG (Green House Gas) emissions and global warming. Due to heavy reliance on mechanical systems, energy consumption increases. Hybrid Ventilation (HV) system can be one of the solutions to this problem. Hybrid ventilation (HV) strategies integrate both natural and mechanical ventilation strategies. These strategies reduce energy consumption by using natural and/or mechanical ventilation systems as per demand and utilize sensors to measure indoor air temperature, carbon dioxide levels, humidity, and outdoor conditions. While saving energy and improving energy efficiency, these systems also contribute to better indoor air quality by increasing fresh air intake. Better IAQ provides a healthy indoor environment for the building occupants. Also, HV systems are adaptable to different needs according to different climates as well as building types. This paper aims to explore the effectiveness of hybrid ventilation strategies in decreasing energy consumption and improving the energy efficiency of buildings via qualitative analysis and case studies.

Keywords: Hybrid ventilation (HV), energy efficiency, HVAC systems, fresh air intake, indoor air quality (IAQ)

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1. Raimundo AM, Oliveira M. Assessing the Impact of Climate Changes, Building Characteristics, and HVAC Control on Energy Requirements under a Mediterranean Climate. Energies. 2024 May 14;17(10):2362–2.
2. Stasi R, Ruggiero F, Berardi U. The efficiency of hybrid ventilation on cooling energy savings in NZEBs. Journal of Building Engineering. 2022 Apr 12;53:104401–1.
3. Ohba M, Lun I. Overview of natural cross ventilation studies and the latest simulation design tools used in building ventilation-related research. Advances in Building Energy Research. 2010; 4:127–166.
4. Lee KH, Strand RK. Enhancement of natural ventilation in buildings using a thermal chimney. Energy Build. 2009;41:615–621.
5. Giama E. Review on Ventilation Systems for Building Applications in Terms of Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact Assessment. Energies. 2021 December 23;15(1):98–8.
6. Hoffmann C, Hauri C, Primas A, Dorer V, Huber H. Hybrid ventilation in residential and office buildings. Journal of Physics Conference Series. 2023 Nov 1;2600(10):102015.
7. Hamdy M, Mauro GM. Optimizing Hybrid Ventilation Control Strategies Toward Zero- Cooling Energy Building. Frontiers in Built Environment. 2019 Aug 8;5.
8. Lin YP, Huang TL, Chung SC, Lai CM. Effect of outdoor wind on the hybrid natural ventilation performance of monitor roofs. Alexandria Engineering Journal [Internet]. 2023 Sep 8;80:584–93
9. Yu FW, Ho WT. Optimizing hybrid ventilation and daylight-linked dimming control for carbon reduction and thermal comfort in a subtropical high-rise office building. Cleaner Energy Systems. 2023 Dec 11;7:100096–6.
10. Stasi R, Ruggiero F, Berardi U. The efficiency of hybrid ventilation on cooling energy savings in NZEBs. Journal of Building Engineering. 2022 Apr;53:104401–1.
11. Rey-Hernández JM, San José-Alonso JF, Velasco-Gómez E, Yousif C, Rey-Martínez FJ. Performance analysis of a hybrid ventilation system in a near zero energy building. Building and Environment [Internet]. 2020 Nov [cited 2024 Oct 28];185:107265.
12. Akshay Urja Bhawan Case Study - NZEB [Internet]. NZEB. 2023. Available from: https://nzeb.in/case-studies/nzebs-in-india/nzebs-in-india-case-studies-list/akshay- urja-bhawan-case-study/
13. Hou F, Ma J, Kwok HHL, Cheng JCP. Prediction and optimization of thermal comfort, IAQ and energy consumption of typical air-conditioned rooms based on a hybrid prediction model. Building and Environment. 2022 Nov;225:109576.
14. Cho H, Cabrera D, Sardy S, Kilchherr R, Yilmaz S, Patel MK. Evaluation of performance of energy efficient hybrid ventilation system and analysis of occupants’ behavior to control windows. Building and Environment. 2021 Jan;188:107434.

With the growing global demand for energy, significant concerns are also growing because of its environmental impacts. The process of production and consumption of energy itself has harmful effects on the environment. Buildings are one of the major contributors to energy consumption in the modern world. The Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system accounts for most of the building’s energy consumption and is important for providing a comfortable indoor environment for its users. However, HVAC systems contribute significantly to GHG (Green House Gas) emissions and global warming. Due to heavy reliance on mechanical systems, energy consumption increases. Hybrid Ventilation (HV) system can be one of the solutions to this problem. Hybrid ventilation (HV) strategies integrate both natural and mechanical ventilation strategies. These strategies reduce energy consumption by using natural and/or mechanical ventilation systems as per demand and utilize sensors to measure indoor air temperature, carbon dioxide levels, humidity, and outdoor conditions. While saving energy and improving energy efficiency, these systems also contribute to better indoor air quality by increasing fresh air intake. Better IAQ provides a healthy indoor environment for the building occupants. Also, HV systems are adaptable to different needs according to different climates as well as building types. This paper aims to explore the effectiveness of hybrid ventilation strategies in decreasing energy consumption and improving the energy efficiency of buildings via qualitative analysis and case studies.

Keywords: Hybrid ventilation (HV), energy efficiency, HVAC systems, fresh air intake, indoor air quality (IAQ)

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Raimundo AM, Oliveira M. Assessing the Impact of Climate Changes, Building Characteristics, and HVAC Control on Energy Requirements under a Mediterranean Climate. Energies. 2024 May 14;17(10):2362–2.
2. Stasi R, Ruggiero F, Berardi U. The efficiency of hybrid ventilation on cooling energy savings in NZEBs. Journal of Building Engineering. 2022 Apr 12;53:104401–1.
3. Ohba M, Lun I. Overview of natural cross ventilation studies and the latest simulation design tools used in building ventilation-related research. Advances in Building Energy Research. 2010; 4:127–166.
4. Lee KH, Strand RK. Enhancement of natural ventilation in buildings using a thermal chimney. Energy Build. 2009;41:615–621.
5. Giama E. Review on Ventilation Systems for Building Applications in Terms of Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact Assessment. Energies. 2021 December 23;15(1):98–8.
6. Hoffmann C, Hauri C, Primas A, Dorer V, Huber H. Hybrid ventilation in residential and office buildings. Journal of Physics Conference Series. 2023 Nov 1;2600(10):102015.
7. Hamdy M, Mauro GM. Optimizing Hybrid Ventilation Control Strategies Toward Zero- Cooling Energy Building. Frontiers in Built Environment. 2019 Aug 8;5.
8. Lin YP, Huang TL, Chung SC, Lai CM. Effect of outdoor wind on the hybrid natural ventilation performance of monitor roofs. Alexandria Engineering Journal [Internet]. 2023 Sep 8;80:584–93
9. Yu FW, Ho WT. Optimizing hybrid ventilation and daylight-linked dimming control for carbon reduction and thermal comfort in a subtropical high-rise office building. Cleaner Energy Systems. 2023 Dec 11;7:100096–6.
10. Stasi R, Ruggiero F, Berardi U. The efficiency of hybrid ventilation on cooling energy savings in NZEBs. Journal of Building Engineering. 2022 Apr;53:104401–1.
11. Rey-Hernández JM, San José-Alonso JF, Velasco-Gómez E, Yousif C, Rey-Martínez FJ. Performance analysis of a hybrid ventilation system in a near zero energy building. Building and Environment [Internet]. 2020 Nov [cited 2024 Oct 28];185:107265.
12. Akshay Urja Bhawan Case Study - NZEB [Internet]. NZEB. 2023. Available from: https://nzeb.in/case-studies/nzebs-in-india/nzebs-in-india-case-studies-list/akshay- urja-bhawan-case-study/
13. Hou F, Ma J, Kwok HHL, Cheng JCP. Prediction and optimization of thermal comfort, IAQ and energy consumption of typical air-conditioned rooms based on a hybrid prediction model. Building and Environment. 2022 Nov;225:109576.
14. Cho H, Cabrera D, Sardy S, Kilchherr R, Yilmaz S, Patel MK. Evaluation of performance of energy efficient hybrid ventilation system and analysis of occupants’ behavior to control windows. Building and Environment. 2021 Jan;188:107434.