Abstract - The performance of reinforced c oncrete (R.C) girder bridge decks is significantly influenced by geometric configurations, among which the skew angle plays a critical role. Skewed bridges are commonly employed to accommodate site constraints, road alignment, and river crossings, but they introduce complex stress distributions, torsional effects, and differential deflections compared to straight bridges. This study investigates the effect of varying skew angles on the structural behavior of R.C girder bridge decks through detailed analysis using finite element modeling. Key performance parameters, including bending moments, shear forces, deflection profiles, and load distribution patterns, are evaluated for different skew angles. The results reveal that as the skew angle increases, stress concentrations and torsional effects become more pronounced, influencing the overall load-carrying capacity and serviceability of the deck. The findings provide critical insights for bridge designers and engineers, enabling optimized design strategies to ensure safety, durability, and cost-effectiveness in skewed R.C girder bridge structures.

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1. Chyad, A. M., & Abudayyeh, O. (2020). Performance Prediction Modeling of Concrete Bridge Deck Condition Using an Optimized Approach. Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction, 9(3), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2020.9.3.127
2. Choi, Y., Lee, J., & Kong, J. (2020). Performance degradation model for concrete deck of bridge using pseudo-LSTM. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093848
3. Wei, Y., Ji, R., Li, Q., & Song, Z. (2023). Mechanical Performance Prediction Model of Steel Bridge Deck Pavement System Based on XGBoost. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/app132112048
4. Xiao, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Luo, Y., Chen, F., Deng, Y., Lu, N., & Chen, Y. (2024). A Novel Method of Bridge Deflection Prediction Using Probabilistic Deep Learning and Measured Data. Sensors, 24(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/s24216863
5. Yang, B., Han, Z., & Yang, M. (2025). Prediction and optimization of structural performance of prefabricated bridges based on physical information neural network (PINN) and BlM. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00245-5
6. Abbas, T., Kavrakov, I., Morgenthal, G., & Lahmer, T. (2022). Framework for a simulation-based aerodynamic shape optimization of bridge decks for different limit state phenomena. http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.14414
7. Diaz Arancibia, M., Rugar, L., & Okumus, P. (2020). Role of Skew on Bridge Performance. Transportation Research Record, 2674(5), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120914617
8. Rashidi Nasab, A., & Elzarka, H. (2023). Optimizing Machine Learning Algorithms for Improving Prediction of Bridge Deck Deterioration: A Case Study of Ohio Bridges. Buildings, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061517
9. Sheikh, F., Rathore, S. S., & Baig, P. A. (2022). Performance Assessment of R . C Girder Bridge Deck For Different Skew Angle. 8(6), 277–281.
10. Nguyen, T. T., & Dinh, K. (2019). Prediction of bridge deck condition rating based on artificial neural networks. Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE, 13(3), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2019-13(3)-02
11. Kedare, C., & John, P. R. (2025). The Influence of Skew Angles on Prestressed Bridges. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 14(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.a8240.14010525
12. Yehia, E. A. (2023). Effect of skew angle on bridge deck behavior with different cross girder patterns. HBRC Journal, 19(1), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/16874048.2023.2215648
13. Lal, M., Vedpal, V., & Kumar, R. (2016). Study of Skewness Angle in Reinforced Concrete Girder Bridges. International Journal of New Technology and Research, 2(9), 263441.
14. Kamble, V. K., Kale, S. B., Shinde, G. R., & Khanderao Kamble, V. (2020). Exploring the Performance of Reinforced Concrete Skew Slabs: A Comprehensive Analysis. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 11(12), 3718–3725. https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/[email protected]://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=11&Issue=12
15. Patel, A. H., & Mamadapur, S. (2016). A Comparative Study on T-beam Girder and Box Girder Bridges for Different Skew Angles. Bonfring International Journal of Man Machine Interface, 4(Special Issue), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.9756/bijmmi.8176
16. Javanmardi, R., Ahmadi-Nedushan, B., Javanmardi, R., & Ahmadi-Nedushan, B. (2021). Cost Optimization of Steel-Concrete Composite I-Girder Bridges With Skew Angle and Longitudinal Slope, Using the Sm Toolbox and the Parallel Pattern Search Algorithm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OPTIMIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Int. J. Optim. Civil Eng, 11(3), 357–382. www.iust.ac.ir
17. Naser, A. F. (2014). Optimization of oblique Angle Design of Abutments and piers , and piers Shape of Continuous Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridges : Static Analysis part 1. 4, 113–121.
18. Sravani, A., & Venkateswarlu, D. (2017). Effect Of Skew Angle On RCC T- Girder Bridge Using STAAD PRO. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Research, 5(6), 7525–7532.
19. Thorat, V. (2025). STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF SKEWED REINFORCED CONCRETE GIRDER BRIDGES : A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS APPROACH. 08, 1411–1418.
20. Deshmukh, G., & Patil, P. S. (2022). Analysis of performance of various skew angles of deck slab bridges in MIDAS Software. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, July, 2781–2784. www.irjet.net
21. Nagashekhar, J. P., Manoli, R., Achar, M. M., & Ks, S. K. (2016). Effect of Skew on The Behaviour of RC Girder Bridges. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 3(7), 1795–1807.
22. Thakur, R. A. (2020). Evaluation of the Structural Behaviour of Girder Bridge Deck With. 8(4), 2752–2754.
23. Haseli, B., Nouri, G., Taromi, M. M., Bahari, M., Adili, E., & Keyghobadi, A. (2024). Effect of Skew Angle on Seismic Response of Irregular Concrete Bridges with Horizontal Curve. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 28(6), 2329–2343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-024-1464-y
24. Bobade, S. D., & Engineering, S. (2016). Literature Review on Box Girder Bridge Deck with Skew Angle. 1(6), 450–452.
25. Abdel-Mohti, A., & Pekcan, G. (2013). Assessment of seismic performance of skew reinforced concrete box girder bridges. International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering, 5(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-6695-5-1

Abstract - The performance of reinforced c oncrete (R.C) girder bridge decks is significantly influenced by geometric configurations, among which the skew angle plays a critical role. Skewed bridges are commonly employed to accommodate site constraints, road alignment, and river crossings, but they introduce complex stress distributions, torsional effects, and differential deflections compared to straight bridges. This study investigates the effect of varying skew angles on the structural behavior of R.C girder bridge decks through detailed analysis using finite element modeling. Key performance parameters, including bending moments, shear forces, deflection profiles, and load distribution patterns, are evaluated for different skew angles. The results reveal that as the skew angle increases, stress concentrations and torsional effects become more pronounced, influencing the overall load-carrying capacity and serviceability of the deck. The findings provide critical insights for bridge designers and engineers, enabling optimized design strategies to ensure safety, durability, and cost-effectiveness in skewed R.C girder bridge structures.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Chyad, A. M., & Abudayyeh, O. (2020). Performance Prediction Modeling of Concrete Bridge Deck Condition Using an Optimized Approach. Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction, 9(3), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2020.9.3.127
2. Choi, Y., Lee, J., & Kong, J. (2020). Performance degradation model for concrete deck of bridge using pseudo-LSTM. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093848
3. Wei, Y., Ji, R., Li, Q., & Song, Z. (2023). Mechanical Performance Prediction Model of Steel Bridge Deck Pavement System Based on XGBoost. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/app132112048
4. Xiao, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Luo, Y., Chen, F., Deng, Y., Lu, N., & Chen, Y. (2024). A Novel Method of Bridge Deflection Prediction Using Probabilistic Deep Learning and Measured Data. Sensors, 24(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/s24216863
5. Yang, B., Han, Z., & Yang, M. (2025). Prediction and optimization of structural performance of prefabricated bridges based on physical information neural network (PINN) and BlM. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00245-5
6. Abbas, T., Kavrakov, I., Morgenthal, G., & Lahmer, T. (2022). Framework for a simulation-based aerodynamic shape optimization of bridge decks for different limit state phenomena. http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.14414
7. Diaz Arancibia, M., Rugar, L., & Okumus, P. (2020). Role of Skew on Bridge Performance. Transportation Research Record, 2674(5), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120914617
8. Rashidi Nasab, A., & Elzarka, H. (2023). Optimizing Machine Learning Algorithms for Improving Prediction of Bridge Deck Deterioration: A Case Study of Ohio Bridges. Buildings, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061517
9. Sheikh, F., Rathore, S. S., & Baig, P. A. (2022). Performance Assessment of R . C Girder Bridge Deck For Different Skew Angle. 8(6), 277–281.
10. Nguyen, T. T., & Dinh, K. (2019). Prediction of bridge deck condition rating based on artificial neural networks. Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE, 13(3), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2019-13(3)-02
11. Kedare, C., & John, P. R. (2025). The Influence of Skew Angles on Prestressed Bridges. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 14(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.a8240.14010525
12. Yehia, E. A. (2023). Effect of skew angle on bridge deck behavior with different cross girder patterns. HBRC Journal, 19(1), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/16874048.2023.2215648
13. Lal, M., Vedpal, V., & Kumar, R. (2016). Study of Skewness Angle in Reinforced Concrete Girder Bridges. International Journal of New Technology and Research, 2(9), 263441.
14. Kamble, V. K., Kale, S. B., Shinde, G. R., & Khanderao Kamble, V. (2020). Exploring the Performance of Reinforced Concrete Skew Slabs: A Comprehensive Analysis. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 11(12), 3718–3725. https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/[email protected]://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=11&Issue=12
15. Patel, A. H., & Mamadapur, S. (2016). A Comparative Study on T-beam Girder and Box Girder Bridges for Different Skew Angles. Bonfring International Journal of Man Machine Interface, 4(Special Issue), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.9756/bijmmi.8176
16. Javanmardi, R., Ahmadi-Nedushan, B., Javanmardi, R., & Ahmadi-Nedushan, B. (2021). Cost Optimization of Steel-Concrete Composite I-Girder Bridges With Skew Angle and Longitudinal Slope, Using the Sm Toolbox and the Parallel Pattern Search Algorithm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OPTIMIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Int. J. Optim. Civil Eng, 11(3), 357–382. www.iust.ac.ir
17. Naser, A. F. (2014). Optimization of oblique Angle Design of Abutments and piers , and piers Shape of Continuous Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridges : Static Analysis part 1. 4, 113–121.
18. Sravani, A., & Venkateswarlu, D. (2017). Effect Of Skew Angle On RCC T- Girder Bridge Using STAAD PRO. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Research, 5(6), 7525–7532.
19. Thorat, V. (2025). STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF SKEWED REINFORCED CONCRETE GIRDER BRIDGES : A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS APPROACH. 08, 1411–1418.
20. Deshmukh, G., & Patil, P. S. (2022). Analysis of performance of various skew angles of deck slab bridges in MIDAS Software. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, July, 2781–2784. www.irjet.net
21. Nagashekhar, J. P., Manoli, R., Achar, M. M., & Ks, S. K. (2016). Effect of Skew on The Behaviour of RC Girder Bridges. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 3(7), 1795–1807.
22. Thakur, R. A. (2020). Evaluation of the Structural Behaviour of Girder Bridge Deck With. 8(4), 2752–2754.
23. Haseli, B., Nouri, G., Taromi, M. M., Bahari, M., Adili, E., & Keyghobadi, A. (2024). Effect of Skew Angle on Seismic Response of Irregular Concrete Bridges with Horizontal Curve. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 28(6), 2329–2343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-024-1464-y
24. Bobade, S. D., & Engineering, S. (2016). Literature Review on Box Girder Bridge Deck with Skew Angle. 1(6), 450–452.
25. Abdel-Mohti, A., & Pekcan, G. (2013). Assessment of seismic performance of skew reinforced concrete box girder bridges. International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering, 5(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-6695-5-1