Two networks with resistors and independent sources are considered to compute Thevenin resistance. A different network is considered where the Thevenin resistance from the previous independent networks is to be incorporated (in a polynomial representation). Different methods using Spice/Pspice software to obtain the above representation are described. SPICE/OrCAD software is used to obtain equivalent circuits for Thevenin equivalent network parameters used in polynomial form are described and other different networks with these models at DC are used in simulation. Here, the individual parameters from a different Thevenin/Norton equivalent are implemented. New techniques to obtain Thevenin and Norton impedances are described with examples. Dependent voltage sources are used to describe independent energy sources, facilitating their application. Spice program to obtain impedances with a single sub-circuit description, eliminating to make zeros (current and voltages) in the circuit under consideration for Thevenin/Norton Impedance determination. Every independent voltage/current source need not be short/open circuited. Both cases (i) DC sources and pure resistors (ii) AC sources, with passive elements, are considered. The transfer function (TF command) is used for the above circuits, and the results are verified. A Thevenin equivalent circuit can be used in place of a circuit with resistors and separate sources of voltage and current. Both circuit analysis and simulation can benefit from this substitution.

Keywords:Analog passive network theory, non- linear circuits, complex variables, circuit analysis and modelling, solid state circuits, microwave circuits, VLSI technology

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1. Prigozy S. Novel applications of SPICE in engineering education. IEEE Trans Educ. 1989;32(1):35–38.
2. Nagel LW. SPICE 2, a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Electronic Research Laboratory Report ERL-M520. Berkeley, USA: University of California; 1975.
3. SPICE version 2G user’s guide. Berkeley (CA): University of California; 1975.
4. Wilson B. Tutorial review: trends in current conveyor and current-mode amplifier design. Int J Electron. 1992;73(3):573–583.
5. Bharath KK. Multi two-port parameter simulation using Pspice. Technical Report, Semiconductor Research Laboratory. Japan: Oki Electric Industry; 1990.
6. Van Valkenburg ME. Network Analysis. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall; 1976. Chapter IX. 259–261.
7. Scott HH. A new type of selective circuit and some applications. Proc Inst Radio Eng. 1938;26(2):226–235.
8. Vladimirescu A, Zhang K, Newton AR, Pederson DO, Sangiovanni-Vincentelli A. SPICE Version 2G User’s Guide. Berkeley (CA): Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California; 1975.
9. Madec M, Lallement C, Haiech J. Modeling and simulation of biological systems using SPICE language. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182385.
10. Jin LM, Chan SP. A unified and efficient approach for determining Thevenin (Norton) equivalent circuits. IEEE Trans Educ. 1989;32(3):408–410.
11. Bhattacharyya SP, Oliveira VA, Magossi RF. Thevenin’s Theorem, Cramer’s Rule, and Parameterized systems: Some connections. IEEE Control Syst Mag. 2019;39(2):84.
12. Hongyang Z. Discussion on Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem. International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology. Harbin, China. 2011, Aug 12-14. 520–522. IEEE.
13. MicroSim Corporation. Micro Sim PSpice & Basics, Circuit Analysis Software, User’s Guide, Version 8.0. Irvine (CA): MicroSim Corporation; 1997.
14. Epler B. SPICE2 application notes for dependent sources. IEEE Circuits Devices Mag. 1984;3(5):36–44.
15. Bharath KK. Inverse ABCD parameter determination using SPICE. Int J Analog Integr Circuits. 2017;3(1):1–6.

Two networks with resistors and independent sources are considered to compute Thevenin resistance. A different network is considered where the Thevenin resistance from the previous independent networks is to be incorporated (in a polynomial representation). Different methods using Spice/Pspice software to obtain the above representation are described. SPICE/OrCAD software is used to obtain equivalent circuits for Thevenin equivalent network parameters used in polynomial form are described and other different networks with these models at DC are used in simulation. Here, the individual parameters from a different Thevenin/Norton equivalent are implemented. New techniques to obtain Thevenin and Norton impedances are described with examples. Dependent voltage sources are used to describe independent energy sources, facilitating their application. Spice program to obtain impedances with a single sub-circuit description, eliminating to make zeros (current and voltages) in the circuit under consideration for Thevenin/Norton Impedance determination. Every independent voltage/current source need not be short/open circuited. Both cases (i) DC sources and pure resistors (ii) AC sources, with passive elements, are considered. The transfer function (TF command) is used for the above circuits, and the results are verified. A Thevenin equivalent circuit can be used in place of a circuit with resistors and separate sources of voltage and current. Both circuit analysis and simulation can benefit from this substitution.

Keywords:Analog passive network theory, non- linear circuits, complex variables, circuit analysis and modelling, solid state circuits, microwave circuits, VLSI technology

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Prigozy S. Novel applications of SPICE in engineering education. IEEE Trans Educ. 1989;32(1):35–38.
2. Nagel LW. SPICE 2, a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Electronic Research Laboratory Report ERL-M520. Berkeley, USA: University of California; 1975.
3. SPICE version 2G user’s guide. Berkeley (CA): University of California; 1975.
4. Wilson B. Tutorial review: trends in current conveyor and current-mode amplifier design. Int J Electron. 1992;73(3):573–583.
5. Bharath KK. Multi two-port parameter simulation using Pspice. Technical Report, Semiconductor Research Laboratory. Japan: Oki Electric Industry; 1990.
6. Van Valkenburg ME. Network Analysis. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall; 1976. Chapter IX. 259–261.
7. Scott HH. A new type of selective circuit and some applications. Proc Inst Radio Eng. 1938;26(2):226–235.
8. Vladimirescu A, Zhang K, Newton AR, Pederson DO, Sangiovanni-Vincentelli A. SPICE Version 2G User’s Guide. Berkeley (CA): Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California; 1975.
9. Madec M, Lallement C, Haiech J. Modeling and simulation of biological systems using SPICE language. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182385.
10. Jin LM, Chan SP. A unified and efficient approach for determining Thevenin (Norton) equivalent circuits. IEEE Trans Educ. 1989;32(3):408–410.
11. Bhattacharyya SP, Oliveira VA, Magossi RF. Thevenin’s Theorem, Cramer’s Rule, and Parameterized systems: Some connections. IEEE Control Syst Mag. 2019;39(2):84.
12. Hongyang Z. Discussion on Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem. International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology. Harbin, China. 2011, Aug 12-14. 520–522. IEEE.
13. MicroSim Corporation. Micro Sim PSpice & Basics, Circuit Analysis Software, User’s Guide, Version 8.0. Irvine (CA): MicroSim Corporation; 1997.
14. Epler B. SPICE2 application notes for dependent sources. IEEE Circuits Devices Mag. 1984;3(5):36–44.
15. Bharath KK. Inverse ABCD parameter determination using SPICE. Int J Analog Integr Circuits. 2017;3(1):1–6.