Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review

Tushal Kyada; Sonam Patel; Alan Babu; Saad Lulaniya; Tirth Rakholiya

Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review

Tushal Kyada, Sonam Patel, Alan Babu, Saad Lulaniya, Tirth Rakholiya | International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys | Vol 11, Issue 2 | pp. 1-13 | ISSN: 2456-5113

Abstract

Aluminum sacrificial anodes are widely used for cathodic protection in marine, offshore, and energy applications due to their light weight, high current efficiency, and favorable electrochemical potential. Pure aluminum, however, rapidly passivates in seawater, reducing protective performance. Alloying with elements, such as zinc, indium, gallium, tin, and bismuth, improves activation, ensures uniform dissolution, and stabilizes long-term behavior. This review examines the influence of alloying elements on electrochemical performance, microstructure, and mechanical properties, highlighting correlations between intermetallic formation, grain refinement, and anodic efficiency. Experimental studies, including electrochemical testing, weight-loss measurements, and field trials, demonstrate the advantages of optimized aluminum alloys over traditional zinc and magnesium anodes. Applications in ships, offshore platforms, pipelines, storage tanks, and renewable energy systems are discussed, emphasizing the importance of tailored alloy design for reliable and long-lasting protection. Finally, key research gaps are identified, underscoring opportunities for environmentally sustainable alloy development, advanced microstructural engineering, and extended field validation to enhance anode performance in diverse corrosive environments.

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References

Revie RW, Uhlig HH. Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering. 4th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Interscience; 2008.
DNV-RP-B401: Cathodic Protection Design. Høvik (Norway): Det Norske Veritas; 2021.
Shreir LL, Jarman RA, Burstein GT, editors. Corrosion: Metal/Environment Reactions. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994.
Aballe A, Bethencourt M, Botana FJ, Marcos M, Osuna RM. Aluminium alloys as anode materials for cathodic protection of marine structures. Corros Sci. 2002;44:1257–71.
Leban MB, Milošev I. Activation of aluminum alloys used as sacrificial anodes in seawater: The role of alloying elements. Electrochim Acta. 2010;55:7476–85.
Fajardo S, Bastidas DM, Bastidas JM.
Zhang X, Song G, Dong J. The sacrificial anode cathodic protection of reinforced concrete structure in the splash zone. Appl Mech Mater. 2014;556–562:231–5.
Salama MM, Thomason WH. Evaluation of aluminum-sprayed coatings for corrosion protection of offshore structures. J Petrol Technol. 1984;36:1929–33.
Ólafsson T. Improved design bases of welded joints in seawater. Proc Inst Civ Eng Marit Eng. 2016;169(3):101–9.
Lozinguez E, Barthélémy JF, Bouteiller V, Desbois T. Contribution of sacrificial anode in reinforced concrete patch repair: Results of numerical simulations. Constr Build Mater. 2019;211:790–801.
Ghaderi M, Bi H, Dam-Johansen K. Advanced materials for smart protective coatings: Unleashing the potential of metal/covalent organic frameworks, 2D nanomaterials and carbonaceous structures. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2023;314:103055.
Sharma JB, Patil YD, Vesmawala GR. Cathodic protection of steel from corrosion in reinforced concrete buildings using sacrificial surface anodes of zinc. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng. 2019;8(9):8570–4.
Qu F, Li W, Dong W, Tam VWY, Yu T. Durability performance deterioration of concrete under marine environment from material to structure: A critical review. Constr Build Mater. 2020;237:117517.
Jones DA. Principles and Prevention of Corrosion. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall; 1996.
Uhlig HH, Revie RW. Corrosion and Corrosion Control. 4th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2008.
ASTM International. ASTM G82-98(2019): Standard Guide for Development and Use of a Galvanic Series for Predicting Galvanic Corrosion Performance. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM; 2019.
Fontana MG. Corrosion Engineering. 3rd ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 1986.
Sedriks AJ. Corrosion of Stainless Steels. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Wiley-Interscience; 1996.
Cicek V. Cathodic Protection: Industrial Solutions and Applications. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2013.
Polder RB, Peelen WHA. Characterization of cathodic protection systems for reinforced concrete structures. Corros Sci. 2002;44:2767–83.
Li L, et al. Performance of aluminum sacrificial anodes in marine environments. Corros Sci. 2019;151:139–50.
Shreir LL. Corrosion: Metal/Environment Reactions. Oxford (UK): Butterworth-Heinemann; 2010.
NACE International. NACE SP0169-2013: Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems. Houston (TX): NACE; 2013.
Li J, Wang X. Electrochemical behavior of Al–Zn–In alloys as sacrificial anodes. Electrochim Acta. 2018;281:379–88.
Roberge PR. Handbook of Corrosion Engineering. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 2012.
Uhlig HH, Revie RW. Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering. 4th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2011.
Peabody AW. Control of Pipeline Corrosion. Houston (TX): NACE International; 2001.
Melchers RE, Jeffrey R. Corrosion of Marine and Offshore Structures. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2014.
NACE International. NACE SP0575-2013: Internal Cathodic Protection Systems for Submerged Steel Piping Systems. Houston (TX): NACE; 2013.
Shreir LL, Jarman RA, Burstein GT. Vol. 2: Corrosion Control. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2010.
Denny A. Principles of Cathodic Protection. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2017.
Li J, Wang X. Electrochemical performance of Al–Zn–In sacrificial anode alloys: Influence of indium content. Materials. 2021;14(7):1755.
Li J, Wang X. Optimization of Al–Zn–In–Bi–Pb sacrificial anodes for enhanced performance in seawater environments. Materials. 2024;17(4):811.
Elsayed A, Nofal A, Attia G. Development of metal oxide incorporated Al-Zn-Sn sacrificial anodes processed by stir casting and heat treatment. J Solid State Electrochem. 2022;26:2659–72.
AMP Project. Study on Al-Zn-Bi alloys.
Li J, Wang X. Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga alloy has best discharge performance. Coatings. 2022;12(1):53.
Liu C, Wang X, et al. Performance of Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti sacrificial anodes in artificial seawater. Mater Today Commun. 2025;35:113384.
Wang H, Zhang Y, Li F, et al. Influence of Cu and heat treatment on Al-Zn-Sn sacrificial anodes. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;553:012063.
Ikeuba AI, Zhou Y, Lin X. Insight into corrosion behavior of Al-based sacrificial anodes: Intermetallic phase interactions. RSC Adv. 2024;14:17923–38.
Hartt WH, Lucas KE, Lemieux EJ. A critical review of aluminum anode activation, dissolution mechanisms, and performance. Corros Rev. 2001;19(5–6):431–52.
Puridetvorakul C, Srisang W, Chairuangsri T, et al. Microstructure and corrosion behavior of Al-Zn-In alloy sacrificial anodes processed via heat treatment. Mater Today Proc. 2017;4:5836–43.
Binoj JS, Arjun M, Rajeev R. Development of Al-Zn based sacrificial anodes with NiO/MnO₂ dispersoids: Enhanced dissolution and film breakdown in chloride media. Mater Today Proc. 2022;62:1129–35.
Leblanc P, Bauger C. Effect of alloying elements on the electrochemical behaviour of aluminium sacrificial anodes. J Appl Electrochem. 1999;29(4):419–29.
Zhao X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang L, Chen H. Effect of alloy elements on the performance of Al sacrificial anode. ResearchGate [preprint]; 2024.
Liu Z, Chen S, Zhang C, Zhang L, Dong X, Zhang L, et al. Effect of Mg addition on microstructure and sacrificial anode protection performance of a hot-dip Al-5Zn-4Si-xMg coating. Coatings. 2023;13(6):1087.
Umoru LE, Ige OO. Effects of tin on aluminum–zinc–magnesium alloy as sacrificial anode in seawater. J Miner Mater Charact Eng. 2007;7(2):105–13.
Liu X, Lin Y, Li Y, Liu N. Effect of Bi on the performance of Al-Ga-In sacrificial anodes. Materials. 2024;17(4):811.
Sperandio GF, Santos CML, Galdino AGS. Influence of silicon on the corrosion behaviour of Al–Zn–In sacrificial anode. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;15:614–22.
Xi Y, Jia M, Zhang J, Zhang W, Yang D, Sun L. Evaluating the performance of aluminum sacrificial anodes with different concentration of gallium in artificial seawater. Coatings. 2022;12(1):53.
Wang Y, Chen D, Li J, Zhao X. Effect of Ti on microstructure and properties of aluminum sacrificial anode containing rare earth elements. ResearchGate [preprint]; 2016.
International Journal of Trend in Research and Development (IJTRD). Environmental consideration of lead in aluminum alloy sacrificial anodes. IJTRD. 2020;Paper ID: IJTRD23900.
Farooq M, Khan MI, Ahmad M. Assessment of aluminum sacrificial anode performance on marine vessels. Corros Eng Sci Technol. 2019;54(7):589–97.
Britton C, Stoprust R. Long-term performance of aluminum sacrificial anodes for offshore structures. Corrosion. 1993;49(12):1023–32.
Cathodic protection design for subsea pipelines using aluminum anodes. ResearchGate [preprint]; 2022.
International Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. Corrosion protection strategies for coastal infrastructure. IJMSE. 2024;10(2):144–52.
International Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. Sacrificial anode cathodic protection in storage tanks and seawater systems. IJMSE. 2024;10(2):153–62.
Zhang T, Wang Y, Li J. Microstructural control strategies for high-efficiency Al–Zn–In sacrificial anodes. Electrochim Acta. 2022;426:141334.
Kim H, Lee J, Park C. Advanced microstructural characterization of Al-based sacrificial anodes using EBSD and 3D tomography. Corros Sci. 2023;218:111182.
DNV-RP-B401: Cathodic Protection Design. Høvik (Norway): Det Norske Veritas; 2023.
Gao Q, Xu H, Zhao L. Development of lightweight and rare-earth-modified Al sacrificial anodes for renewable offshore structures. Mater Today Commun. 2023;35:113382.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 16222:2022 — Cathodic Protection of Marine Structures. Geneva: ISO; 2022.
Chen R, Liu N, Zhang W. Environmental impact assessment of aluminum alloy dissolution products in marine systems. J Clean Prod. 2024;445:139852.
Singh A, Narayan R. Digital twins and machine learning for predictive corrosion protection in offshore structures. Corros Eng Sci Technol. 2024;59(4):312–28.

How to cite this article

APA

Kyada, T., Patel, S., Babu, A., Lulaniya, S., & Rakholiya, T. (2025). Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys, 11(2), 1-13.

MLA

Kyada, Tushal, et al. “Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review.” International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys, vol. 11, no. 2, 2025, pp. 1-13.

Chicago

Tushal Kyada, Sonam Patel, Alan Babu, Saad Lulaniya, and Tirth Rakholiya. “Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review.” International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys 11, no. 2 (2025): 1-13.

Vancouver

Kyada T, Patel S, Babu A, Lulaniya S, Rakholiya T. Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys. 2025;11(2):1-13.

BibTeX

@article{KyadaT2025,
author = {Tushal Kyada and Sonam Patel and Alan Babu and Saad Lulaniya and Tirth Rakholiya},
title = {Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review},
journal = {International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {1--13},
issn = {2456-5113},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/uncategorized/article=21986}
}

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Tushal Kyada, Sonam Patel, Alan Babu, Saad Lulaniya, Tirth Rakholiya | International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys | Vol 11, Issue 2 | pp. 1-13 | ISSN: 2456-5113

Abstract

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Revie RW, Uhlig HH. Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering. 4th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Interscience; 2008.
DNV-RP-B401: Cathodic Protection Design. Høvik (Norway): Det Norske Veritas; 2021.
Shreir LL, Jarman RA, Burstein GT, editors. Corrosion: Metal/Environment Reactions. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994.
Aballe A, Bethencourt M, Botana FJ, Marcos M, Osuna RM. Aluminium alloys as anode materials for cathodic protection of marine structures. Corros Sci. 2002;44:1257–71.
Leban MB, Milošev I. Activation of aluminum alloys used as sacrificial anodes in seawater: The role of alloying elements. Electrochim Acta. 2010;55:7476–85.
Fajardo S, Bastidas DM, Bastidas JM.
Zhang X, Song G, Dong J. The sacrificial anode cathodic protection of reinforced concrete structure in the splash zone. Appl Mech Mater. 2014;556–562:231–5.
Salama MM, Thomason WH. Evaluation of aluminum-sprayed coatings for corrosion protection of offshore structures. J Petrol Technol. 1984;36:1929–33.
Ólafsson T. Improved design bases of welded joints in seawater. Proc Inst Civ Eng Marit Eng. 2016;169(3):101–9.
Lozinguez E, Barthélémy JF, Bouteiller V, Desbois T. Contribution of sacrificial anode in reinforced concrete patch repair: Results of numerical simulations. Constr Build Mater. 2019;211:790–801.
Ghaderi M, Bi H, Dam-Johansen K. Advanced materials for smart protective coatings: Unleashing the potential of metal/covalent organic frameworks, 2D nanomaterials and carbonaceous structures. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2023;314:103055.
Sharma JB, Patil YD, Vesmawala GR. Cathodic protection of steel from corrosion in reinforced concrete buildings using sacrificial surface anodes of zinc. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng. 2019;8(9):8570–4.
Qu F, Li W, Dong W, Tam VWY, Yu T. Durability performance deterioration of concrete under marine environment from material to structure: A critical review. Constr Build Mater. 2020;237:117517.
Jones DA. Principles and Prevention of Corrosion. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall; 1996.
Uhlig HH, Revie RW. Corrosion and Corrosion Control. 4th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2008.
ASTM International. ASTM G82-98(2019): Standard Guide for Development and Use of a Galvanic Series for Predicting Galvanic Corrosion Performance. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM; 2019.
Fontana MG. Corrosion Engineering. 3rd ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 1986.
Sedriks AJ. Corrosion of Stainless Steels. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Wiley-Interscience; 1996.
Cicek V. Cathodic Protection: Industrial Solutions and Applications. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2013.
Polder RB, Peelen WHA. Characterization of cathodic protection systems for reinforced concrete structures. Corros Sci. 2002;44:2767–83.
Li L, et al. Performance of aluminum sacrificial anodes in marine environments. Corros Sci. 2019;151:139–50.
Shreir LL. Corrosion: Metal/Environment Reactions. Oxford (UK): Butterworth-Heinemann; 2010.
NACE International. NACE SP0169-2013: Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems. Houston (TX): NACE; 2013.
Li J, Wang X. Electrochemical behavior of Al–Zn–In alloys as sacrificial anodes. Electrochim Acta. 2018;281:379–88.
Roberge PR. Handbook of Corrosion Engineering. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 2012.
Uhlig HH, Revie RW. Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering. 4th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2011.
Peabody AW. Control of Pipeline Corrosion. Houston (TX): NACE International; 2001.
Melchers RE, Jeffrey R. Corrosion of Marine and Offshore Structures. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2014.
NACE International. NACE SP0575-2013: Internal Cathodic Protection Systems for Submerged Steel Piping Systems. Houston (TX): NACE; 2013.
Shreir LL, Jarman RA, Burstein GT. Vol. 2: Corrosion Control. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2010.
Denny A. Principles of Cathodic Protection. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2017.
Li J, Wang X. Electrochemical performance of Al–Zn–In sacrificial anode alloys: Influence of indium content. Materials. 2021;14(7):1755.
Li J, Wang X. Optimization of Al–Zn–In–Bi–Pb sacrificial anodes for enhanced performance in seawater environments. Materials. 2024;17(4):811.
Elsayed A, Nofal A, Attia G. Development of metal oxide incorporated Al-Zn-Sn sacrificial anodes processed by stir casting and heat treatment. J Solid State Electrochem. 2022;26:2659–72.
AMP Project. Study on Al-Zn-Bi alloys.
Li J, Wang X. Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga alloy has best discharge performance. Coatings. 2022;12(1):53.
Liu C, Wang X, et al. Performance of Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti sacrificial anodes in artificial seawater. Mater Today Commun. 2025;35:113384.
Wang H, Zhang Y, Li F, et al. Influence of Cu and heat treatment on Al-Zn-Sn sacrificial anodes. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;553:012063.
Ikeuba AI, Zhou Y, Lin X. Insight into corrosion behavior of Al-based sacrificial anodes: Intermetallic phase interactions. RSC Adv. 2024;14:17923–38.
Hartt WH, Lucas KE, Lemieux EJ. A critical review of aluminum anode activation, dissolution mechanisms, and performance. Corros Rev. 2001;19(5–6):431–52.
Puridetvorakul C, Srisang W, Chairuangsri T, et al. Microstructure and corrosion behavior of Al-Zn-In alloy sacrificial anodes processed via heat treatment. Mater Today Proc. 2017;4:5836–43.
Binoj JS, Arjun M, Rajeev R. Development of Al-Zn based sacrificial anodes with NiO/MnO₂ dispersoids: Enhanced dissolution and film breakdown in chloride media. Mater Today Proc. 2022;62:1129–35.
Leblanc P, Bauger C. Effect of alloying elements on the electrochemical behaviour of aluminium sacrificial anodes. J Appl Electrochem. 1999;29(4):419–29.
Zhao X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang L, Chen H. Effect of alloy elements on the performance of Al sacrificial anode. ResearchGate [preprint]; 2024.
Liu Z, Chen S, Zhang C, Zhang L, Dong X, Zhang L, et al. Effect of Mg addition on microstructure and sacrificial anode protection performance of a hot-dip Al-5Zn-4Si-xMg coating. Coatings. 2023;13(6):1087.
Umoru LE, Ige OO. Effects of tin on aluminum–zinc–magnesium alloy as sacrificial anode in seawater. J Miner Mater Charact Eng. 2007;7(2):105–13.
Liu X, Lin Y, Li Y, Liu N. Effect of Bi on the performance of Al-Ga-In sacrificial anodes. Materials. 2024;17(4):811.
Sperandio GF, Santos CML, Galdino AGS. Influence of silicon on the corrosion behaviour of Al–Zn–In sacrificial anode. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;15:614–22.
Xi Y, Jia M, Zhang J, Zhang W, Yang D, Sun L. Evaluating the performance of aluminum sacrificial anodes with different concentration of gallium in artificial seawater. Coatings. 2022;12(1):53.
Wang Y, Chen D, Li J, Zhao X. Effect of Ti on microstructure and properties of aluminum sacrificial anode containing rare earth elements. ResearchGate [preprint]; 2016.
International Journal of Trend in Research and Development (IJTRD). Environmental consideration of lead in aluminum alloy sacrificial anodes. IJTRD. 2020;Paper ID: IJTRD23900.
Farooq M, Khan MI, Ahmad M. Assessment of aluminum sacrificial anode performance on marine vessels. Corros Eng Sci Technol. 2019;54(7):589–97.
Britton C, Stoprust R. Long-term performance of aluminum sacrificial anodes for offshore structures. Corrosion. 1993;49(12):1023–32.
Cathodic protection design for subsea pipelines using aluminum anodes. ResearchGate [preprint]; 2022.
International Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. Corrosion protection strategies for coastal infrastructure. IJMSE. 2024;10(2):144–52.
International Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. Sacrificial anode cathodic protection in storage tanks and seawater systems. IJMSE. 2024;10(2):153–62.
Zhang T, Wang Y, Li J. Microstructural control strategies for high-efficiency Al–Zn–In sacrificial anodes. Electrochim Acta. 2022;426:141334.
Kim H, Lee J, Park C. Advanced microstructural characterization of Al-based sacrificial anodes using EBSD and 3D tomography. Corros Sci. 2023;218:111182.
DNV-RP-B401: Cathodic Protection Design. Høvik (Norway): Det Norske Veritas; 2023.
Gao Q, Xu H, Zhao L. Development of lightweight and rare-earth-modified Al sacrificial anodes for renewable offshore structures. Mater Today Commun. 2023;35:113382.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 16222:2022 — Cathodic Protection of Marine Structures. Geneva: ISO; 2022.
Chen R, Liu N, Zhang W. Environmental impact assessment of aluminum alloy dissolution products in marine systems. J Clean Prod. 2024;445:139852.
Singh A, Narayan R. Digital twins and machine learning for predictive corrosion protection in offshore structures. Corros Eng Sci Technol. 2024;59(4):312–28.

How to cite this article

APA

MLA

Kyada, Tushal, et al. “Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review.” International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys, vol. 11, no. 2, 2025, pp. 1-13.

Chicago

Vancouver

Kyada T, Patel S, Babu A, Lulaniya S, Rakholiya T. Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys. 2025;11(2):1-13.

BibTeX

@article{KyadaT2025,
author = {Tushal Kyada and Sonam Patel and Alan Babu and Saad Lulaniya and Tirth Rakholiya},
title = {Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review},
journal = {International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {1--13},
issn = {2456-5113},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/uncategorized/article=21986}
}

Tushal Kyada, Sonam Patel, Alan Babu, Saad Lulaniya, Tirth Rakholiya | International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys | Vol 11, Issue 2 | pp. 1-13 | ISSN: 2456-5113

Abstract

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Revie RW, Uhlig HH. Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering. 4th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Interscience; 2008.
DNV-RP-B401: Cathodic Protection Design. Høvik (Norway): Det Norske Veritas; 2021.
Shreir LL, Jarman RA, Burstein GT, editors. Corrosion: Metal/Environment Reactions. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994.
Aballe A, Bethencourt M, Botana FJ, Marcos M, Osuna RM. Aluminium alloys as anode materials for cathodic protection of marine structures. Corros Sci. 2002;44:1257–71.
Leban MB, Milošev I. Activation of aluminum alloys used as sacrificial anodes in seawater: The role of alloying elements. Electrochim Acta. 2010;55:7476–85.
Fajardo S, Bastidas DM, Bastidas JM.
Zhang X, Song G, Dong J. The sacrificial anode cathodic protection of reinforced concrete structure in the splash zone. Appl Mech Mater. 2014;556–562:231–5.
Salama MM, Thomason WH. Evaluation of aluminum-sprayed coatings for corrosion protection of offshore structures. J Petrol Technol. 1984;36:1929–33.
Ólafsson T. Improved design bases of welded joints in seawater. Proc Inst Civ Eng Marit Eng. 2016;169(3):101–9.
Lozinguez E, Barthélémy JF, Bouteiller V, Desbois T. Contribution of sacrificial anode in reinforced concrete patch repair: Results of numerical simulations. Constr Build Mater. 2019;211:790–801.
Ghaderi M, Bi H, Dam-Johansen K. Advanced materials for smart protective coatings: Unleashing the potential of metal/covalent organic frameworks, 2D nanomaterials and carbonaceous structures. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2023;314:103055.
Sharma JB, Patil YD, Vesmawala GR. Cathodic protection of steel from corrosion in reinforced concrete buildings using sacrificial surface anodes of zinc. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng. 2019;8(9):8570–4.
Qu F, Li W, Dong W, Tam VWY, Yu T. Durability performance deterioration of concrete under marine environment from material to structure: A critical review. Constr Build Mater. 2020;237:117517.
Jones DA. Principles and Prevention of Corrosion. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall; 1996.
Uhlig HH, Revie RW. Corrosion and Corrosion Control. 4th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2008.
ASTM International. ASTM G82-98(2019): Standard Guide for Development and Use of a Galvanic Series for Predicting Galvanic Corrosion Performance. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM; 2019.
Fontana MG. Corrosion Engineering. 3rd ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 1986.
Sedriks AJ. Corrosion of Stainless Steels. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Wiley-Interscience; 1996.
Cicek V. Cathodic Protection: Industrial Solutions and Applications. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2013.
Polder RB, Peelen WHA. Characterization of cathodic protection systems for reinforced concrete structures. Corros Sci. 2002;44:2767–83.
Li L, et al. Performance of aluminum sacrificial anodes in marine environments. Corros Sci. 2019;151:139–50.
Shreir LL. Corrosion: Metal/Environment Reactions. Oxford (UK): Butterworth-Heinemann; 2010.
NACE International. NACE SP0169-2013: Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems. Houston (TX): NACE; 2013.
Li J, Wang X. Electrochemical behavior of Al–Zn–In alloys as sacrificial anodes. Electrochim Acta. 2018;281:379–88.
Roberge PR. Handbook of Corrosion Engineering. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 2012.
Uhlig HH, Revie RW. Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering. 4th ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2011.
Peabody AW. Control of Pipeline Corrosion. Houston (TX): NACE International; 2001.
Melchers RE, Jeffrey R. Corrosion of Marine and Offshore Structures. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2014.
NACE International. NACE SP0575-2013: Internal Cathodic Protection Systems for Submerged Steel Piping Systems. Houston (TX): NACE; 2013.
Shreir LL, Jarman RA, Burstein GT. Vol. 2: Corrosion Control. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2010.
Denny A. Principles of Cathodic Protection. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2017.
Li J, Wang X. Electrochemical performance of Al–Zn–In sacrificial anode alloys: Influence of indium content. Materials. 2021;14(7):1755.
Li J, Wang X. Optimization of Al–Zn–In–Bi–Pb sacrificial anodes for enhanced performance in seawater environments. Materials. 2024;17(4):811.
Elsayed A, Nofal A, Attia G. Development of metal oxide incorporated Al-Zn-Sn sacrificial anodes processed by stir casting and heat treatment. J Solid State Electrochem. 2022;26:2659–72.
AMP Project. Study on Al-Zn-Bi alloys.
Li J, Wang X. Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga alloy has best discharge performance. Coatings. 2022;12(1):53.
Liu C, Wang X, et al. Performance of Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti sacrificial anodes in artificial seawater. Mater Today Commun. 2025;35:113384.
Wang H, Zhang Y, Li F, et al. Influence of Cu and heat treatment on Al-Zn-Sn sacrificial anodes. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;553:012063.
Ikeuba AI, Zhou Y, Lin X. Insight into corrosion behavior of Al-based sacrificial anodes: Intermetallic phase interactions. RSC Adv. 2024;14:17923–38.
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Kyada, Tushal, et al. “Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review.” International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys, vol. 11, no. 2, 2025, pp. 1-13.

Chicago

Vancouver

Kyada T, Patel S, Babu A, Lulaniya S, Rakholiya T. Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys. 2025;11(2):1-13.

BibTeX

@article{KyadaT2025,
author = {Tushal Kyada and Sonam Patel and Alan Babu and Saad Lulaniya and Tirth Rakholiya},
title = {Aluminum Alloy as Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion Protection: A Review},
journal = {International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {1--13},
issn = {2456-5113},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/uncategorized/article=21986}
}

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