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216 articles for “Liquid”
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A Study to Analyze Pectin Extracted from the Peels of Lemon (Citrus lemon), Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis)
Abstract: The present study carried out was on the production of the lactic acid by the lactic acid bacteria under the submerged fermentation conditions using three different supplements of fermentation media including sugarcane juice, sugar beet juice and sugarcane molasses. The study also aimed on the comparative study in lactic acid production under different substrates. For this, the lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the curd sample by the spread plate …
Published in International Journal of Green Chemistry · Vol. 8, Issue 1, 2022 · pp. 46–68 Read article
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON VOLATILE DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS FOR APPLICATION IN CRYSTALLIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS.
Abstract: Crystallization is one of the most effective separations and purification methods used in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. Volatile organic solvents are widely used in the crystallization of pharmaceutical compounds. Some properties of these solvents such as volatility, instability, combustibility,unpredictable nature, and toxicity are undesirable. In therecent years solvents known as ionic liquids and deepeutectic solvents (DES) derived from ionic liquidsgain importance due to the interesting properties as solvents. …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology · Vol. 8, Issue 1, 2022 · pp. 20–26 Read article
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Numerical investigation of hydrodynamics of batch crystallizer
Abstract: In this work, hydrodynamics in a draft tubebatch crystallizer is analysed computationally using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The CFD simulations are performed using multiple reference frame (MRF) with sliding mesh approach in transient condition for flow time of 5s using the standard k-ε turbulence model. The flow-field in batch crystallizer is quantified by calculating time averaged velocity profiles along the horizontal line and by analysing the temporal variation of liquid …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2017 · pp. 24–35 Read article
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Catalytic hydrogenation of dimethyl-nitrobenzene to dimethyl-aniline over Ni catalysts
Abstract: The catalytic transfer hydrogenation of dimethyl-nitrobenzene (DN) to Dimethyl-aniline (DA) was studied in the temperature range 343–403 , pressure range of 4–10 bar H2 and ethanol as solvent using Ni on alumina-silicate as catalyst above agitation speed 800 rpm. The substrate feed concentration was varied in the range from 0.124 to 0.745 kmol/m3 while catalyst loading was in the range 4–12% (w/w) of dimethyl-nitrobenzene. Dimethyl-aniline was the only reaction product, …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2017 · pp. 19–29 Read article
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An Analytical Approach to Calculate the One-Dimensional Drift Velocity in Bubble Columns
Abstract: The design and scale-up of a bubble column reactor require a complete understanding of its complex hydrodynamics, which is influenced by the physical properties of the phases, the operating variables, and the design parameters. Current design procedures for bubble columns involve several steps of pilot-plant experimentation, which is expensive and time-consuming. One of the critical unknown parameters involved in designing any gas-liquid system is the gas holdup. The gas holdup …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing · Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2019 · pp. 1–9 Read article
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UNIT OPERATIONS IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
Abstract: The unit operation like distillation, absorption, evaporation, filtration, drying, etc. are most important factors. Distillation is a purification method for liquids and can separate components of a mixture if they have significantly different boiling points. Absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon. Evaporation can be defined as the process where liquid is transformed into a gaseous state. Evaporation can occur only when water is available. Drying is an important unit …
Published in International Journal of Environmental Chemistry · Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2019 · pp. 11–29 Read article
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Green Synthesis of Nickel(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes of Bis(Imine) Schiff base Derived from o-vanilline and m-phenylenediamine.
Abstract: The synthesis of Schiff base ligand derived from aromatic aldehyde (o-vanillin) and m-phenylenediamine via liquid-assisted mechanochemical synthesis (LAG) in the presence of small amount of dimethylformamide were reported. The Schiff base complexes of Ni(II) and Zn(II) were also synthesized mechanochemically and characterized using infra-red spectroscopy, thermogrametric analysis, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, powder x-ray diffraction, UV-Visible analysis, conductivity measurement, magnetic susceptibility measurement and CHN, micro-analysis. Infrared spectral study indicated a strong …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions · Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2020 · pp. 31–43 Read article
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A study of mesomorphic properties of Rod shaped 1, 2, 4-triazine integrated imine compounds
Abstract: Synthesis of typical rod-like liquid crystals has a great interest in numerous applications. The model has a terminal chain attached to only one end of the central rigid core. At the other end of the rigid core is a functional group that can be either polar or nonpolar. There are three kinds of rod-like liquid crystal, in this segment applies specifically to materials with template designs. Generally, terminal groups which …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions · Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2022 · pp. 16–25 Read article
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Continuous Renewable Energy Generation by Solar Radiation
Abstract: The world is seeing a changing trend from conventional cooking system to most reliable and predominant solar cooking system which is going wild commercially. This ideal attempts a heat energy storage for power generation in which a Molten Salt is proposed for Thermal Energy Storage for Concentrating Solar cooking systems. In the concept numerous large, flat, sun-tracking mirrors, known as trough are used which focuses sunlight onto a receiver at …
Published in International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2018 · pp. 32–41 Read article
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Study on Analysis and Design in Reinforcement Structure Joints of Water Tank Structure for Safety Human life
Abstract: A water tank is used to store water to surge over the daily requirement. In the construction of concrete structure for the storage of water and other liquids the imperviousness of concrete is most essential. The permeability of any uniform and thoroughly compacted concrete of given mix proportions is mainly dependent on water cement ratio. The increase in water cement ratio results in increase in the permeability. The decrease in …
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Engineering · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2017 · pp. 16–28 Read article
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Economical Size of Over Head Tanks by Height/Diameter Ratio
Abstract: Storage reservoirs and overhead tanks are used for the storage of various products like water, liquid petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. The force analysis of the reservoirs or tanks is about the same irrespective of the chemical nature of the product, unless the product is corrosive. For a very high value of H/D, cost of OHT is higher as width of vertical increases due to hoops stress. Similarly, for …
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Engineering · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2017 · pp. 55–59 Read article
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Economical Size of Over Head Tanks
Abstract: Storage reservoirs and overhead tanks are used for the storage of various products like water, liquid petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. For a very high value of height and diameter cost of overhead water tank higher as width of vertical increases due to hoops stress. Similarly, for very low value of cost of overhead water tank is higher as diameter of tank increases, more no. of columns and footings …
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Engineering · Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2019 · pp. 1–4 Read article
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Leakage-Free Microfluidic Flow of the Dyed Aqueous Ethanol in a single SU-8 based Glass Microfluidic Device Fabricated by the Selected Microfabrication Technologies
Abstract: In this work, a single SU-8 based glass microfluidic device is fabricated by the maskless lithography and indirect bonding technique. A CMOS camera catching 25 frames per second with a corresponding time-scale resolution of 0.04 second is used to record the surface-driven microfluidic flow. Dyed aqueous ethanol (80% dyed water, 20% ethanol) is prepared to be used as working liquid. A surface-driven microfluidic flow of the prepared working liquid is …
Published in International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2018 · pp. 13–17 Read article
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Lie Detector for Loyalty Test Using Biomedical Device
Abstract: This paper describes the real time working of a Simulink based blood pressure and body temperature monitoring system based on ATMEGA 328 (Arduino uno). The major monitoring system in use give the output on a liquid crystal display, even if it is a digital circuit, it is prone to noise and distortions. So, we are using a new technique to make this health monitoring system more accurate. We are adding …
Published in International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits · Vol. 8, Issue 1, 2022 · pp. 8–13 Read article
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Application of nanotechnology of the effect of an aqueous solution of catholyte on the viability of biological cells and of the effect of an aqueous solution of anolyte on the destruction of cancer cells
Abstract: AbstractNanotechnologies are used in processes occurring in nanometer sizes, at the level of molecules, atoms, ions, etc. The combination of biology, medicine and nanotechnology has led to the emergence of new methods and devices that make it possible to use the chemical, mechanical and other properties of molecules, atoms, ions, as well as to discover new phenomena and biological processes occurring at the molecular, atomic and ionic level. The article …
Published in International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology · Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2022 · pp. 1–14 Read article
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A REVIEW ON ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (OLED)-AN INNOVATIVE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY
Abstract: In the vast field of display technology, Organic light emitting diode is a new and inspiring invention. The principle on which it operates, is a process in which electrical energy changes to light energy and is termed as electroluminescence. At first, small and thin light emitting diode display invented, used for the digital display of numbers. Then, cathode ray tubes came which are being used now, however CRT have certain …
Published in International Journal of Energetic Materials · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2018 · pp. 1–12 Read article
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Design and Implementation of a Vaccine Solar Cooling System
Abstract: The research reported in this paper suggests a new design for a vaccine chilling and storage locker that really can keep vaccines cold (2°C to 8°C) in the cold chain. This design was created to make the African immunisation week go as smoothly as possible. This refrigeration and storage unit was created to be small, portable, and well-isolated, with a PV solar power system as a power source. An Liquid …
Published in International Journal of Energetic Materials · Vol. 8, Issue 1, 2022 · pp. 21–37 Read article
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Green Innovations in Energetic Materials: Sustainable Alternatives and Their Applications
Abstract: Traditional energetic materials, such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) and ammonium nitrate, have been the backbone of explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics for over a century. Despite their effectiveness, these materials pose significant environmental and health risks due to their toxicity, pollution potential, and long-term environmental persistence. This paper explores the latest innovations and applications of eco-friendly alternatives to traditional energetic materials. Key areas of focus include the development of nitrogen-rich compounds, bio-based …
Published in International Journal of Energetic Materials · Vol. 9, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 12–17 Read article
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Review on Electrolytic Process by Refining the Metals
Abstract: Electrolysis is a method of purifying impure metals. The crude metal that needs to be refined serves as the anode in an electrolytic cell while the metal that has been purified serves as the cathode. To ensure that the metal at the cathode is reduced extremely specifically, the electrode potential is chosen. Impurities are left behind in the electrolyte liquid as the metal is transferred from theunrefined metal of the …
Published in International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys · Vol. 8, Issue 1, 2022 · pp. 5–9 Read article
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Nanocoating and Electrospray Techniques Use to Mitigation Corrosion Sculptures
Abstract: The most sculptures of the world are created by the brass, bronze, iron, silver, gold and metalloid. They come in contact of corrosive pollutants to produce chemical, electrochemical and biochemical reactions and develop various form of corrosion like uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, stress corrosion and crevice corrosion. The corrosive gases CO2, NO2 and SO2 concentrations increase in atmosphere rapidly after industrialization. The major contributors of these gases are …
Published in International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys · Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2022 · pp. 1–11 Read article