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337 articles for “hardness”
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Experimental Investigations for Comparing the Effectiveness of Heat Treatment and Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Performance of EN-47 Spring Steel
Abstract: EN-47 spring steel is chromium, vanadium steel which consists of carbon (0.45–0.55%), manganese (0.50–0.80), silicon (0.50%), phosphorus (0.06%), and sulphur (0.06%) along with chromium (0.80–1.20%) and vanadium (0.15%). Due to this composition EN-47 spring steel become harder and tougher. It has a wide range of applications like crankshafts, steering knuckles, gears, spindles, pumps, suspension etc. So, in this experimental study we treated EN-47 spring steel with cryogenic treatment, cryogenic and …
Published in International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing · Vol. 9, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 1–9 Read article
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Study on Nanotechnology, Nanocoating and Nanomaterial
Abstract: Future will show fascinating innovations at the development, formulation and application of industry enamels. Especially the following emphases at R&D and application are to be called: Use of Nano corpuscles and other innovative filling materials, Applicating nanostructures and layers. This contribution attempts to register the essential Nano-scaled innovations either how they are already to be observed today or announce to them-selves. Here, we are going to coat the Nano particles …
Published in International Journal of Computer Aided Manufacturing · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2017 · pp. 17–25 Read article
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Friction Stir Processing & Aging on Fatigue Properties of Different Alloy: A Review
Abstract: The FSP process is a thermo mechanical processing techniques which is carried out by means of pin tool that will heat and mechanically deformed the material. FSP has been developed to produce UFG by applying compressive load with a suitable Tool. To enhance the mechanical properties like strength, fatigue, hardness as well as other properties like optical, electrical, magnetic the microstructure is that decides them. We refine grains by large …
Published in International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements · Vol. 7, Issue 1, 2021 · pp. 1–8 Read article
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Experimental Investigation of FSW on Al 6061-T6 MG Dissimilar Joints
Abstract: Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining technique that has shown significant potential for welding dissimilar materials, such as aluminum and magnesium alloys, which are difficult to join using conventional fusion welding methods due to large differences in their physical, thermal, and metallurgical properties. During FSW, contact between the rotating, wear-resistant tool shoulder, the pin, and the work piece produces frictional energy. Additional thermal energy develops because of intense …
Published in International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 1–12 Read article
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A Review on LIFI- Data Transmitting System
Abstract: Using visible light as a channel for high-speed data transfer, Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a quickly developing wireless communication technology that offers a highly effective and cutting-edge substitute for traditional radio frequency (RF)-based systems like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. With the exponential growth of connected devices and the increasing demand for faster and more reliable communication, the RF spectrum is becoming congested, leading to reduced performance and interference issues. In order …
Published in International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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Operational-Amplifier-Based Realization of a 1-BitArithmetic Logic Unit: Design, Implementation, and Experimental Validation
Abstract: This work presents the design, construction, and experimental evaluation of a 1-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) implemented entirely with operational amplifiers (op-amps), using only LM324 devices, passive components, and a dual-polarity ±12 V supply on a breadboard prototype. The ALU per- forms eight fundamental arithmetic and logic operations, addition, subtraction, AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XOR, by combining op-amp comparator-mode logic gates with op-amp-based summing and difference amplifiers for …
Published in International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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High Strength Concrete (M40) Using Micro Silica and Steel Fiber
Abstract: Abstract: This experimental study examines the combined effects of micro silica (silica fume, SF) as a partial cement replacement and hooked-end steel fibers on the mechanical properties of M40 grade concrete. Concrete mixes were designed as per IS:10262 with a target characteristic compressive strength of 40 MPa. Silica fume was incorporated at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 12% by weight of cement, while steel fibers (aspect ratio ~50) were added at …
Published in International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 53–57 Read article
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A Comprehensive Review of AES-Integrated DWT Watermarking Techniques for Image and Video Authentication
Abstract: The exponential growth of digital media production, distribution, and online sharing has intensified the need for reliable mechanisms that ensure image and video authenticity. With the rise of advanced editing tools and deepfake technologies, safeguarding multimedia content from tampering, unauthorized replication, or malicious manipulation has become a critical research challenge. Traditional cryptographic solutions provide confidentiality but fail to maintain post-decryption integrity, whereas watermarking techniques ensure persistent ownership verification but often …
Published in International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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Toward Sustainable Intelligence: A Framework for Green AI Adoption
Abstract: The rapid expansion of Artificial Intelligence has shattered the illusion of the cloud as an ethereal entity, revealing a massive physical infrastructure with a staggering environmental price tag. The traditional Red AI paradigm – where success is measured solely by accuracy through brute-force scaling – has created an unsustainable trajectory. Training a single large-scale model like GPT-3 requires 1,287 MWh of electricity, while the necessary cooling systems evaporate millions of …
Published in International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 17–23 Read article
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Green Computing Strategies for Reducing Energy Consumption and E-Waste in Modern IT Ecosystems
Abstract: Green computing, also referred to as sustainable computing, addresses the urgent need to reduce the environmental impact associated with the design, operation, and end-of-life management of computing systems. As global reliance on digital technologies continues to expand rapidly, the demand for energy-intensive infrastructure such as data centers, cloud platforms, and network systems has increased significantly. This growth has led to rising energy consumption, higher carbon emissions, and an alarming accumulation …
Published in International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 7–16 Read article
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The Biomechanical Impact of Slipper Sole Compliance on Lumbar Spine Load: A Quantitative Analysis of Indoor Footwear Ergonomics
Abstract: Abstract The global shift toward remote work has significantly increased the duration of indoor footwear usage, yet the ergonomic standards for slippers remain critically under-researched compared to athletic or industrial footwear. While "high-compliance" or soft slippers are traditionally marketed for immediate comfort, excessive mechanical softness may lead to foot instability, altered gait kinetics, and subsequent compensatory stress on the lumbar spine. This study aims to quantify the correlation between varying …
Published in International Journal of Mechanics and Design · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 30–35 Read article
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Design and Implementation of 32-Bit High Speed Vedic Multiplier
Abstract: To accomplish quicker and more effective calculation, this project combines a Kogge-Stone Adder with the Vedic Urdhva Tiryagbhyam (vertical and crosswise) multiplication method to create a high-speed 32-bit binary multiplier. The KoggeStone Adder minimizes total latency by reducing carry delay at the final addition stage, while the Vedic algorithm allows partial products to be formed simultaneously, increasing speed. This architecture divides 32-bit values into smaller components, multiplies them in parallel, …
Published in International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 18–26 Read article
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High-Tech Battery Management Systems with Integrated Battery Electronics
Abstract: “Sophisticated BMSs with onboard battery electronics are a paradigm shift in battery technology, sensitive enough to meet the increasing needs of contemporary applications like electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and portable devices. This paper discusses the architecture and functional aspects of the integrated systems in optimizing performance, safety, and lifespan through real-time monitoring and control of individual cells. Integrating critical electronics directly onto the battery structure, such systems minimize complexity …
Published in International Journal of Power Electronics Controllers and Converters · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 21–28 Read article
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A Study on AI in 7G Mobile Communication
Abstract: The imminent transition from 5G to the seventhgeneration (7G) mobile ecosystem promises to redefine connectivity through unprecedented data rates, pervasive ultralow latency, and holistic integration of terrestrial, aerial, and spaceborne networks. Central to this evolution is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which is poised to become the nervous system that orchestrates, optimizes, and secures the hyperdynamic 7G fabric. This paper surveys the emerging AIdriven paradigms that will underpin 7G, focusing on three …
Published in International Journal of Broadband Cellular Communication · Vol. 11, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 29–39 Read article
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Emulsion Paint Formulation from Black Seed Powder/Soya Bean Oil Copolymer Binder
Abstract: The study focused on creating a water-based paint using a locally accessible pigment (black seed powder) and soya bean oil. Soya bean oil’s hydrophobicity is incorporated into the paint matrix. The physical and mechanical qualities of the developed emulsion paint were tested. Results were positive for tackiness, stability, blistering, flexibility, and chemical resistance. Physical parameters measured included pH (8.35), density (1.09 g/cm3), viscosity (4.2 m2/s), opacity (4.8 m2/l), drying time …
Published in International Journal of Environmental Chemistry · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 47–52 Read article
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A Study of Delta Modulation Techniques for Bandwidth- Efficient Signal Transmission
Abstract: Delta modulation is an important signal processing technique widely used in digital communication systems for efficient analog-to-digital signal conversion and bandwidth reduction. With the increasing demand for high-speed and low-complexity communication systems, bandwidth-efficient transmission methods have become essential in modern telecommunication networks. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of delta modulation techniques and their role in improving signal transmission efficiency in digital communication environments. The paper examines the operating principles …
Published in International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 31–43 Read article
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Combating Deepfakes and AI-Generated Misinformation: Towards a Digital Likeness and Integrity Framework for India
Abstract: The real struggle is to distinguish what is real and what is fake in the communication of the hyper-digitalized age, in which AI and generative technologies significantly impact the field of communication. The change in the creation and consumption of information has come with the deepfake AI-generated fake media that can imitate a human in voice, image, and video. However, on the one hand, generative models such as Generative Adversarial …
Published in International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1–20 Read article
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Intelligent Trajectories: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Next Generation Missile and Propellant Design
Abstract: The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has unlocked transformative pathways for high-performance aerospace engineering, yet its integration into missile and propellant design remains nascent. This study investigates a hybrid AI-driven framework that unites physics-based modeling, data-centric learning, and multi-objective optimization to accelerate the conception, validation, and refinement of missile airframes and solid-propellant formulations. First, a physics-informed neural network (PINN) is trained on a curated database of historic missile geometries, …
Published in International Journal of Energetic Materials · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 20–26 Read article
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Influence of Rubber Particle Size on the Ductility and Energy Absorption of Structural Elements
Abstract: Abstract This research investigates how the rubber particle sizes influence the ductility and energy absorption of structural members made of RC. For this analysis, the different types of waste tire rubbers (with a grains size of 1–2 mm, 3–5 mm, and 6–10 mm) were partially replaced for fine aggre-gates. The compressive strengths, load-deflection behaviors, ductility ratios and energy dissipation properties are discussed by means of experimental mix design analysis and …
Published in International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 Read article
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A Comprehensive Review of the Development of Magnesium Composites and the Effect of Nanomaterials on Tribo-Mechanical Performance in Automotive Applications
Abstract: Abstract Magnesium and its alloys have emerged as promising lightweight materials for the automotive industry owing to their extremely low density, high specific strength, and potential to significantly improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Despite these advantages, the widespread structural and functional application of magnesium alloys remains limited due to inherent challenges such as insufficient mechanical strength, poor wear resistance, low hardness, and high susceptibility to tribo-corrosion under severe service …
Published in International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1–14 Read article