Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology

Qutaiba I. Ali; Zeina Ali M.; Basma Ahmed Jalil

Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology

Qutaiba I. Ali, Zeina Ali M., Basma Ahmed Jalil | International Journal of Software Computing and Testing | Vol 11, Issue 1 | pp. 12-19 | ISSN: 2456-2351

Abstract

Recently, the Blockchain technique has gained significant attention and is being increasingly adopted across various sectors. Blockchain is fundamentally a sequence of interconnected blocks, each storing essential information. This technology operates as a secure, distributed ledger that allows anyone to access and verify the data stored within it, ensuring transparency and trust. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Blockchain technology, explaining its core concept, underlying principles, communication protocols, and illustrating its applications with relevant examples. Furthermore, the paper explores one of the most renowned implementations of Blockchain, the Bitcoin system. Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency platform that enables peer-to-peer payment transactions without the involvement of intermediaries like banks. Each block in the Bitcoin network contains critical elements, such as transaction details, a unique hash, and the previous block’s hash. The paper also delves into the security measures associated with the Bitcoin system, highlighting its strengths as well as addressing potential vulnerabilities. Additionally, it discusses various types of attacks that could compromise the integrity and reliability of the system.

Keywords: Blockchain, consensus algorithms, bitcoins, cryptocurrency, power

Keywords

Blockchain, bitcoins, cryptocurrency, consensus algorithms, power

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References

Yaga D, Mell P, Roby N, Scarfone K. Blockchain technology overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.11078. 2019 Jun 26.
Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H, Chen X, Wang H. An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends. In: 2017 IEEE international congress on big data (BigData congress). IEEE. 2017 Jun 25. pp. 557–564.
Hileman G. State of blockchain q1 2016: Blockchain funding overtakes bitcoin. CoinDesk, New York, NY, May. 2016 May;11.
Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008.
Eyal I, Sirer EG. Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable. Communications of the ACM. 2018 Jun 25;61(7):95–102.
Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai HN, Chen X, Wang H. Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey. International journal of web and grid services. 2018;14(4):352–75.
BitFury G. Proof of stake versus proof of work. White paper, Sep. 2015 Sep;810.
Bach LM, Mihaljevic B, Zagar M. Comparative analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms. In: 2018 41st international convention on information and communication technology, electronics and microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE. 2018 May 21. pp. 1545–1550.
Golosova J, Romanovs A. Overview of the blockchain technology cases. In: 2018 59th International Scientific Conference on Information Technology and Management Science of Riga Technical University (ITMS). 2018 Oct 10. pp. 1–6.
Bushager A, Mirza Z, Alsalem E. Bitcoin security and privacy: A study of users experiences. KnE Engineering. 2018 Oct 15:11–28.
Lánský J. Bitcoin system. Acta Informatica Pragensia. 2017;6(1):20–31.
Kaushal PK, Bagga A, Sobti R. Evolution of bitcoin and security risk in bitcoin wallets. In: 2017 International Conference on Computer, Communications and Electronics (Comptelix). IEEE. 2017 Jul 1. pp. 172–177.
Conti M, Kumar ES, Lal C, Ruj S. A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials. 2018 May 31;20(4):3416–52.
Conti M, Kumar ES, Lal C, Ruj S. A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials. 2018 May 31;20(4):3416–52.
De Vries A. Bitcoin energy consumption index. [Online], (Accessed: 15 March 2018). https://digiconomist. net/bitcoin-energy-consumption. 2018.

How to cite this article

APA

Ali, Q. I., M., Z. A., & Jalil, B. A. (2025). Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology. International Journal of Software Computing and Testing, 11(1), 12-19.

MLA

Ali, Qutaiba I., et al. “Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology.” International Journal of Software Computing and Testing, vol. 11, no. 1, 2025, pp. 12-19.

Chicago

Qutaiba I. Ali, Zeina Ali M., and Basma Ahmed Jalil. “Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology.” International Journal of Software Computing and Testing 11, no. 1 (2025): 12-19.

Vancouver

Ali QI, M. ZA, Jalil BA. Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology. International Journal of Software Computing and Testing. 2025;11(1):12-19.

BibTeX

@article{AliQI2025,
author = {Qutaiba I. Ali and Zeina Ali M. and Basma Ahmed Jalil},
title = {Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology},
journal = {International Journal of Software Computing and Testing},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {12--19},
issn = {2456-2351},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijsct/article=18183}
}

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Qutaiba I. Ali, Zeina Ali M., Basma Ahmed Jalil | International Journal of Software Computing and Testing | Vol 11, Issue 1 | pp. 12-19 | ISSN: 2456-2351

Abstract

Keywords: Blockchain, consensus algorithms, bitcoins, cryptocurrency, power

Keywords

Blockchain, bitcoins, cryptocurrency, consensus algorithms, power

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Yaga D, Mell P, Roby N, Scarfone K. Blockchain technology overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.11078. 2019 Jun 26.
Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H, Chen X, Wang H. An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends. In: 2017 IEEE international congress on big data (BigData congress). IEEE. 2017 Jun 25. pp. 557–564.
Hileman G. State of blockchain q1 2016: Blockchain funding overtakes bitcoin. CoinDesk, New York, NY, May. 2016 May;11.
Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008.
Eyal I, Sirer EG. Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable. Communications of the ACM. 2018 Jun 25;61(7):95–102.
Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai HN, Chen X, Wang H. Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey. International journal of web and grid services. 2018;14(4):352–75.
BitFury G. Proof of stake versus proof of work. White paper, Sep. 2015 Sep;810.
Bach LM, Mihaljevic B, Zagar M. Comparative analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms. In: 2018 41st international convention on information and communication technology, electronics and microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE. 2018 May 21. pp. 1545–1550.
Golosova J, Romanovs A. Overview of the blockchain technology cases. In: 2018 59th International Scientific Conference on Information Technology and Management Science of Riga Technical University (ITMS). 2018 Oct 10. pp. 1–6.
Bushager A, Mirza Z, Alsalem E. Bitcoin security and privacy: A study of users experiences. KnE Engineering. 2018 Oct 15:11–28.
Lánský J. Bitcoin system. Acta Informatica Pragensia. 2017;6(1):20–31.
Kaushal PK, Bagga A, Sobti R. Evolution of bitcoin and security risk in bitcoin wallets. In: 2017 International Conference on Computer, Communications and Electronics (Comptelix). IEEE. 2017 Jul 1. pp. 172–177.
Conti M, Kumar ES, Lal C, Ruj S. A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials. 2018 May 31;20(4):3416–52.
Conti M, Kumar ES, Lal C, Ruj S. A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials. 2018 May 31;20(4):3416–52.
De Vries A. Bitcoin energy consumption index. [Online], (Accessed: 15 March 2018). https://digiconomist. net/bitcoin-energy-consumption. 2018.

How to cite this article

APA

MLA

Chicago

Vancouver

Ali QI, M. ZA, Jalil BA. Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology. International Journal of Software Computing and Testing. 2025;11(1):12-19.

BibTeX

@article{AliQI2025,
author = {Qutaiba I. Ali and Zeina Ali M. and Basma Ahmed Jalil},
title = {Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology},
journal = {International Journal of Software Computing and Testing},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {12--19},
issn = {2456-2351},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijsct/article=18183}
}

Qutaiba I. Ali, Zeina Ali M., Basma Ahmed Jalil | International Journal of Software Computing and Testing | Vol 11, Issue 1 | pp. 12-19 | ISSN: 2456-2351

Abstract

Keywords: Blockchain, consensus algorithms, bitcoins, cryptocurrency, power

Keywords

Blockchain, bitcoins, cryptocurrency, consensus algorithms, power

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Yaga D, Mell P, Roby N, Scarfone K. Blockchain technology overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.11078. 2019 Jun 26.
Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H, Chen X, Wang H. An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends. In: 2017 IEEE international congress on big data (BigData congress). IEEE. 2017 Jun 25. pp. 557–564.
Hileman G. State of blockchain q1 2016: Blockchain funding overtakes bitcoin. CoinDesk, New York, NY, May. 2016 May;11.
Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008.
Eyal I, Sirer EG. Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable. Communications of the ACM. 2018 Jun 25;61(7):95–102.
Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai HN, Chen X, Wang H. Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey. International journal of web and grid services. 2018;14(4):352–75.
BitFury G. Proof of stake versus proof of work. White paper, Sep. 2015 Sep;810.
Bach LM, Mihaljevic B, Zagar M. Comparative analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms. In: 2018 41st international convention on information and communication technology, electronics and microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE. 2018 May 21. pp. 1545–1550.
Golosova J, Romanovs A. Overview of the blockchain technology cases. In: 2018 59th International Scientific Conference on Information Technology and Management Science of Riga Technical University (ITMS). 2018 Oct 10. pp. 1–6.
Bushager A, Mirza Z, Alsalem E. Bitcoin security and privacy: A study of users experiences. KnE Engineering. 2018 Oct 15:11–28.
Lánský J. Bitcoin system. Acta Informatica Pragensia. 2017;6(1):20–31.
Kaushal PK, Bagga A, Sobti R. Evolution of bitcoin and security risk in bitcoin wallets. In: 2017 International Conference on Computer, Communications and Electronics (Comptelix). IEEE. 2017 Jul 1. pp. 172–177.
Conti M, Kumar ES, Lal C, Ruj S. A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials. 2018 May 31;20(4):3416–52.
Conti M, Kumar ES, Lal C, Ruj S. A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials. 2018 May 31;20(4):3416–52.
De Vries A. Bitcoin energy consumption index. [Online], (Accessed: 15 March 2018). https://digiconomist. net/bitcoin-energy-consumption. 2018.

How to cite this article

APA

MLA

Chicago

Vancouver

Ali QI, M. ZA, Jalil BA. Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology. International Journal of Software Computing and Testing. 2025;11(1):12-19.

BibTeX

@article{AliQI2025,
author = {Qutaiba I. Ali and Zeina Ali M. and Basma Ahmed Jalil},
title = {Theory, Concepts, Recent Advances, and an Example of Implementing Blockchain Technology},
journal = {International Journal of Software Computing and Testing},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {12--19},
issn = {2456-2351},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijsct/article=18183}
}

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