Biochar is a carbon-rich material formed by the thermochemical conversion of biomass under oxygen-limited circumstances, providing a long-term solution for waste valorisation and environmental management. Because of its high stability, surface functional groups, and porous structure, biochar has been used extensively in pollutant adsorption, carbon sequestration, and soil amendment. Recent developments have produced biochar nanocomposites, in which the physicochemical properties of biochar are improved by engineering or combining it with nanomaterials like metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, or magnetic nanoparticles. The enhanced surface area, reactivity, conductivity, and catalytic performance of these nanocomposites extends their uses in environmental remediation, energy storage systems, wastewater treatment, and heavy metal removal. By turning biomass waste into high-value products, biochar and its nanocomposites promote sustainable development and circular economy initiatives. They are generally affordable, eco-friendly, and multifunctional materials.

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