Sand casting, a time- honoured technique for casting both ferrous and nonferrous metals, remains widely utilized due to its cost-effectiveness, material abundance, and reusability, particularly with sand as a primary resource. This study delves into the intricate dynamics of sand casting, examining its crucial parameters through meticulous analysis of existing research. The investigation focuses on the influence of factors such as sand composition, moisture levels, clay content, and binder type on mould strength. Findings from experiments in the present study reveal a significant correlation between clay percentage and compression strength, with an optimal value of 700 g/cm² observed at 14% clay content. Similarly, shear strength demonstrates a peak value of 220 g/cm² with 5% moisture content and 87% sand composition, declining thereafter with increasing clay content. Moreover, variations in water content exhibit a notable impact on compression and shear strength, with an optimum compression strength of 340 g/cm² at 4% moisture content. The refinement of sand mixtures to improve mouldability and reduce defects in metal casting processes is the result of numerous researchers' collective efforts. Defects related to mould preparation are a common cause of casting product rejection. To mitigate this issue, it is necessary to explore adjustments in the sand mixing process, including the proportions of natural and chemical binders added to the mixture. This article aims to identify the optimal balance of these parameters to develop superior moulding sand mixtures, thereby reducing rejection rates. These insights underscore the intricate interplay of material composition and process parameters in sand casting, offering valuable guidance for optimizing casting performance.

Keywords: Moulding Sand, Moisture Content, Bentonite, Mechanical Property, Fineness number

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1. Patra, R., Banerjee, C., Mondal, S., Sharma, S., Karmakar, A., Mondal, A., Paul, S., Das, D., Paul, S., Datta, S., Yadav, S., Rao, P. K., Kishore, K., and Kumar, N. (2024). A Review on Effect of Process Parameters on Moulding         2023, 387-396.
2. Loto,C.A., & Adebayo,H.( 1990). goods of variation in water content, complexion bit and sodium carbonate additions on the synthetic moulding parcels of Igbokoda complexion and silica beach. Applied complexion      wisdom, 5( 2), 165- 181
3. Abdullah,A., Sulaiman,S., Baharudin,B.H.T., Ariffin,M.K.A., Vijayaram,T.R., & Sayuti,M.( 2012). Testing for green contraction strength and permeability parcels on the trailing beach samples gathered from Ex Tin Mines in         Perak State, Malaysia. Advanced Accoutrements Research, 445, 859- 864.
4. Azhar,A., Hazril,H.H., & Redzuan,M.( 2022). The Effect of Sand Grain Size and Water on The Green Compression Strength for Greensand Casting Mould Mixture. Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 34( 1), 149- 153.
5. Sun,Q.Z., Yan,J.G., Zhang,P.Q., Zhao,Z.K., & Du,H.( 2014). exploration on Performance of Foundry Sand under the Effect of Chemical Binder. Applied Mechanics and Accoutrements, 597, 262- 265.
6. Joshua,T.O., Fayomi,O.S.I., & Olatuja,F.H.( 2016). mongrel effect of named original binders on the moulding parcels of River Niger silica beach for artificial operation.J. Nanosci.Adv. Technol, 1, 19- 23.
7. Munusamy,P., Balaji,R., & Sivakandhan,C.( 2017). Analysis of beach earth using artificial maquillages and fly International journal of mechanical engineering and technology, 8( 1).
8. Sadarang,J., Nayak,R.K., & Panigrahi,I.( 2021). Effect of binder and humidity content on compactibility and shear strength of swash bed green beach mould. Accoutrements moment Proceedings, 46, 5286- 5290.
9. Apeh,F.I., Mahmoud,L.U., & Fabiyi,M.O.( 2022). Impact of humidity Variation on Some Foundry parcels of Fori Silica Beach. Journal of Minerals and Accoutrements Characterization and Engineering, 10( 5), 429- 437.
10. Ihom,P.A., Agunsoye,J., Anbua,E.E., & Ogbodo,J.( 2011). goods of humidity content on the foundry parcels of yola natural beach. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 19, 85- 96.
11. Saikaew,C., & Wiengwiset,S.( 2012). Optimization of molding beach composition for quality enhancement of iron castings. Applied Clay Science, 67, 26- 31
12. Pradana,Y.R.A., & Ariono,A.( 2020, December). Effect grain size of beach to mould’s permeability & compressive strength, and casting products. In Journal of Physics Conference Series(Vol. 1700,No. 1,p. 012042). IOP

Sand casting, a time- honoured technique for casting both ferrous and nonferrous metals, remains widely utilized due to its cost-effectiveness, material abundance, and reusability, particularly with sand as a primary resource. This study delves into the intricate dynamics of sand casting, examining its crucial parameters through meticulous analysis of existing research. The investigation focuses on the influence of factors such as sand composition, moisture levels, clay content, and binder type on mould strength. Findings from experiments in the present study reveal a significant correlation between clay percentage and compression strength, with an optimal value of 700 g/cm² observed at 14% clay content. Similarly, shear strength demonstrates a peak value of 220 g/cm² with 5% moisture content and 87% sand composition, declining thereafter with increasing clay content. Moreover, variations in water content exhibit a notable impact on compression and shear strength, with an optimum compression strength of 340 g/cm² at 4% moisture content. The refinement of sand mixtures to improve mouldability and reduce defects in metal casting processes is the result of numerous researchers' collective efforts. Defects related to mould preparation are a common cause of casting product rejection. To mitigate this issue, it is necessary to explore adjustments in the sand mixing process, including the proportions of natural and chemical binders added to the mixture. This article aims to identify the optimal balance of these parameters to develop superior moulding sand mixtures, thereby reducing rejection rates. These insights underscore the intricate interplay of material composition and process parameters in sand casting, offering valuable guidance for optimizing casting performance.

Keywords: Moulding Sand, Moisture Content, Bentonite, Mechanical Property, Fineness number

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Patra, R., Banerjee, C., Mondal, S., Sharma, S., Karmakar, A., Mondal, A., Paul, S., Das, D., Paul, S., Datta, S., Yadav, S., Rao, P. K., Kishore, K., and Kumar, N. (2024). A Review on Effect of Process Parameters on Moulding         2023, 387-396.
2. Loto,C.A., & Adebayo,H.( 1990). goods of variation in water content, complexion bit and sodium carbonate additions on the synthetic moulding parcels of Igbokoda complexion and silica beach. Applied complexion      wisdom, 5( 2), 165- 181
3. Abdullah,A., Sulaiman,S., Baharudin,B.H.T., Ariffin,M.K.A., Vijayaram,T.R., & Sayuti,M.( 2012). Testing for green contraction strength and permeability parcels on the trailing beach samples gathered from Ex Tin Mines in         Perak State, Malaysia. Advanced Accoutrements Research, 445, 859- 864.
4. Azhar,A., Hazril,H.H., & Redzuan,M.( 2022). The Effect of Sand Grain Size and Water on The Green Compression Strength for Greensand Casting Mould Mixture. Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 34( 1), 149- 153.
5. Sun,Q.Z., Yan,J.G., Zhang,P.Q., Zhao,Z.K., & Du,H.( 2014). exploration on Performance of Foundry Sand under the Effect of Chemical Binder. Applied Mechanics and Accoutrements, 597, 262- 265.
6. Joshua,T.O., Fayomi,O.S.I., & Olatuja,F.H.( 2016). mongrel effect of named original binders on the moulding parcels of River Niger silica beach for artificial operation.J. Nanosci.Adv. Technol, 1, 19- 23.
7. Munusamy,P., Balaji,R., & Sivakandhan,C.( 2017). Analysis of beach earth using artificial maquillages and fly International journal of mechanical engineering and technology, 8( 1).
8. Sadarang,J., Nayak,R.K., & Panigrahi,I.( 2021). Effect of binder and humidity content on compactibility and shear strength of swash bed green beach mould. Accoutrements moment Proceedings, 46, 5286- 5290.
9. Apeh,F.I., Mahmoud,L.U., & Fabiyi,M.O.( 2022). Impact of humidity Variation on Some Foundry parcels of Fori Silica Beach. Journal of Minerals and Accoutrements Characterization and Engineering, 10( 5), 429- 437.
10. Ihom,P.A., Agunsoye,J., Anbua,E.E., & Ogbodo,J.( 2011). goods of humidity content on the foundry parcels of yola natural beach. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 19, 85- 96.
11. Saikaew,C., & Wiengwiset,S.( 2012). Optimization of molding beach composition for quality enhancement of iron castings. Applied Clay Science, 67, 26- 31
12. Pradana,Y.R.A., & Ariono,A.( 2020, December). Effect grain size of beach to mould’s permeability & compressive strength, and casting products. In Journal of Physics Conference Series(Vol. 1700,No. 1,p. 012042). IOP