Ligand chemistry is fundamental to coordination chemistry, complex chemistry, analytical reagents, and
the treatment of heavy ion pollutants. Recently, ligand complexes have been used in biological
applications such as radiation and the treatment of certain types of tumors. Researchers have expanded
their studies to include complexes such as nanomaterials and drug carriers, demonstrating their
effectiveness through their nanoscale properties. It is worth noting that we chose indole and linked it to a
chalcone group to enhance its activity and applications. The chalcone group contains a carbonyl group
and an unsaturated alkene group with a sequential pattern, making it highly stable. It was also linked to a
two-nitrogen azo bridge group, which includes electron pairs, further increasing its efficiency and
applications., They are primarily synthesized via the Claisen-Schmidt condensation, a reaction between an
aromatic aldehyde and an acetophenone in an alkaline or acidic medium, due to the restricted rotation
around the double bond, chalcones predominantly exist in the thermodynamically stable E-configuration,
which facilitates a planar structure optimal for electronic conjugation., Chromatographic separation is
considered one of the best methods in analytical chemistry for achieving high purity in separation, as it
relies on the molecular weight of the compound, the functional groups, interactions, and polarity of the
functional groups within a single compound. This allowed us to prepare a new ligand, which was then
synthesized with cadmium (Cd) and divalent zinc (Zn) ions. Its diagnostic spectra and antifungal activity
against two types of fungi were studied, followed by an investigation of its chromatographic behavior.

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1. Silva M. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Applications of Prenylated Chalcones. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(20): 23–34.
2. Karimi H. Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Chalcone Derivatives Bearing N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds: A Comprehensive Review. ACS Omega. 2023; 8(11): 45–57.
3. Alam M. Synthesis, biological evaluation, quantitative-SAR and docking studies of novel chalcone derivatives as antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Chemical Papers. 2015; 69(8): 24–36.
4. Gade R. Advances in Chromatographic Analysis of Phenolic Phytochemicals. MDPI – Foods. 2024; 14(13): 66–79.
5. Karaman I. A Comprehensive Evaluation of a Chalcone Derivative: Structural, Spectroscopic, and Pharmacological Perspectives. Molecules Journal. 2024; 11(12): 37–45.
6. Anwer S. Synthesis, Characterization and Antioxidant Studies of Some Transition Metal Complexes with Chalcone Derivative (2-Chloroacetophenone) and 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde. Research Science Journal. 2024; 34(11): 39–48.
7. Hussein A, Abbas R. Synthesis, characterization, industrial and biological studies of azo dye ligand and their some metallic ions. Baghdad Science Journal. 2024; 21(10): 42–55.
8. Mamataj S, Roy S, Ravindiran G, Datta D, Das B. Contemporary research on synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its applications. Indian Chemical Engineer. 2024; 7(11): 1–30.
9. Pan H, Yao C, Yao S, Yang W, Wu W, Guo D. Metabolomics strategy for authentication of plant medicines with multiple botanical origins: A case study of Uncariae Rammulus Cum Uncis. Journal of Separation Science. 2020; 43(5): 1043–1050.
10. Mahmood N. Effect of Conditions and Catalysis on Products. 1st ed. Eliva Press SRL; 2021. ISBN: 9781636482286.
11. Gaul D, Mezencev R, Long T, Jones, Benigno B, Gray A, Fernández F, McDonald H. Highly accurate metabolomic detection of early-stage ovarian cancer. Scientific Reports. 2015; 5: 16351.
12. Mahmood N. Alternative Methods in Organic Synthesis. 1st ed. Eliva Press SRL; 2020. ISBN: 9798680201176.
13. Nagham M. The Various Preparation Methods in Synthetic Chemistry. 1st ed. Evincepub Publishing House; 2019. ISBN: 978-93-88277-82-2.
14. Alsbr I, Abdullabass H, Mahmood N. Invention of (Gluta.Sulfazane-Cefixime) compounds as inhibitors of cancerous tumors. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research. 2020; 11(2): 44–55.
15. Nagham MA. Synthesis of antifungal chemical compounds from fluconazole with pharmaco-chemical studying. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8(3): 564–573.
16. Hall L, Hill D, Bugden K, Cawley S, Chen M, Grant F. Development of a reverse-phase HPLC retention index model for nontargeted metabolomics using synthetic compounds. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2018; 58(5): 591–604.
17. Tada R, Chavda N, Shah MK. Synthesis and characterization of some new thiosemicarbazide derivatives and their transition metal complexes. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2011; 3: 290–297.
18. Mahmood N. Synthesis and biological study of hetero (atoms and cycles) compounds. Der Pharma Chemica. 2016; 8(6): 40–48.
19. Hasaneen K, Aseel M, Mahmood N. Synthesis of drug derivatives as inhibitors of cancerous cells. Biochemical and Cellular Archives. 2020; 20(2): 82–96.
20. Afaq J. Synthesis, spectral investigation and study of nano-applications of new anil-azo ligands. Al-Harf Journal. 2025; 24(4): 28–39.
21. Atheraa A. Studying of thermal, spectral and liquid crystal properties of new monomers for Schiff base reaction. Al-Harf Journal. 2024; 20(1): 45–55.
22. Rajaa A. Preparation, characterization and study of nano-behaviour of new benzothiazole and triazole derivatives. Al-Harf Journal. 2025; 24(3): 73–87.
23. Alfatlawi I, Mahmood N, Nuha S, Zainab M. Synthesis of new organic compounds via three-component reaction with studying of identification, thermal behavior and bioactivity on bacteria of teeth. Journal of Global Pharma Technology. 2017; 11(9): 157–164.
24. Mahmood N, Saher M, Zainab M, Intisar O. Inhibition activity of (azo–acetyl acetone) on mouth bacteria. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(6): 1683–1686.
25. Jawad A, Mahmood N, Saher M. Development and preparation of ciprofloxacin drug derivatives for treatment of microbial contamination in hospitals and environment. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 2020; 14(2): 1115–1122.
26. Kalapala V, Banothu V, Chandra S. Synthesis and characterization of some new thiosemicarbazide derivatives and their transition metal complexes. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2015; 7(9): 437–445.
27. Nagham M. Synthesis and chemical identification of macro compounds of thiazole and imidazole. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2015; 8(1): 78–84.
28. Dakshayani K, Lingappa Y, Sayaji Rao M. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde derivatives metal complexes. Research Papers International Journal of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 3(6): 50–55.
29. Faria J, Ruiz M, Resasco D. Phase-selective catalysis in emulsions stabilized by Janus silica nanoparticles. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis. 2010; 352(15): 2359–2364.
30. Naumann D, Raoul C, Lénárd H, Michael G. Reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts. Journal of Catalysis. 2014; 311: 369–385.
31. Mahmood N. Review on azo compounds and their biological activity. Biochemical Analysis & Biochemistry. 2015; 5(3): 169–176.
32. Nagham M. Creation of originated macrocyclic sulfazan-formazan compounds and their antifungal assay. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. 2021; 40(3): 32266–32272.
33. Mokrani T, Van R, Albert A, Ismael. Molecular weight and tacticity effect on morphological and mechanical properties of Ziegler–Natta catalyzed isotactic polypropylenes. Polímeros. 2024; 25(6): 556–563.
34. Shireen R, Mahmood N, Ali J. Guanine-substituted heterocyclic derivatives as bioactive compounds. Biochemical and Cellular Archives. 2020; 20(2): 3651–3655.
35. Mahmood N, Nemah S. Chemo-spectral and biological studying of new ligands. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8(3): 674–689.
36. Mahmood N. Designation of macrocyclic sulfazan and triazan as originated compounds with nano-activity estimation. International Journal of Convergence in Healthcare. 2022; 2(1): 25–34.
37. Li Z, Zhuang T, Dong J, Wang L, Xia J, Wang H, Cui X, Wang Z. Sonochemical fabrication of inorganic nanoparticles for catalytic applications. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2021; 71: 105114.
38. Naik R, David M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Caesalpinia bonducella leaf extract and evaluation of biological activities. Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry. 2024; 54(4): 376–386.
39. Mahmood NA. Origination of macrocyclic formazan compounds and comparison of efficiency against breast cancer. Open Access Journal of Biomedical Science. 2022; 4(1): 52–67.
40. Mahmood N. Synthesis of innovative cyclic formazan compounds and evaluation of biological activity. International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering. 2021; 7(2): 5–14.
41. Brédas J, Persson K, Seshadri R. Computational design of functional materials. Chemistry of Materials. 2017; 29(6): 2399–2401.
42. Mahmood N. Inventing macrocyclic formazan compounds and evaluation of nano-behavior by scanning microscopy and chromatography. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. 2022; 41(3): 32783–32792.
43. Olivares R, Amador C, Hachmann J, Atahan S, Sanchez S, Vogt L. Accelerated computational discovery of high-performance organic photovoltaic materials. Energy & Environmental Science. 2011; 4(12): 4849–4861.
44. Abdellah I, Koraiem A, El-Shafei A. Structure–property relationship of Ru(II) complexes for high-efficiency DSSCs. Solar Energy. 2019; 177: 642–651.

Ligand chemistry is fundamental to coordination chemistry, complex chemistry, analytical reagents, and
the treatment of heavy ion pollutants. Recently, ligand complexes have been used in biological
applications such as radiation and the treatment of certain types of tumors. Researchers have expanded
their studies to include complexes such as nanomaterials and drug carriers, demonstrating their
effectiveness through their nanoscale properties. It is worth noting that we chose indole and linked it to a
chalcone group to enhance its activity and applications. The chalcone group contains a carbonyl group
and an unsaturated alkene group with a sequential pattern, making it highly stable. It was also linked to a
two-nitrogen azo bridge group, which includes electron pairs, further increasing its efficiency and
applications., They are primarily synthesized via the Claisen-Schmidt condensation, a reaction between an
aromatic aldehyde and an acetophenone in an alkaline or acidic medium, due to the restricted rotation
around the double bond, chalcones predominantly exist in the thermodynamically stable E-configuration,
which facilitates a planar structure optimal for electronic conjugation., Chromatographic separation is
considered one of the best methods in analytical chemistry for achieving high purity in separation, as it
relies on the molecular weight of the compound, the functional groups, interactions, and polarity of the
functional groups within a single compound. This allowed us to prepare a new ligand, which was then
synthesized with cadmium (Cd) and divalent zinc (Zn) ions. Its diagnostic spectra and antifungal activity
against two types of fungi were studied, followed by an investigation of its chromatographic behavior.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Silva M. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Applications of Prenylated Chalcones. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(20): 23–34.
2. Karimi H. Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Chalcone Derivatives Bearing N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds: A Comprehensive Review. ACS Omega. 2023; 8(11): 45–57.
3. Alam M. Synthesis, biological evaluation, quantitative-SAR and docking studies of novel chalcone derivatives as antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Chemical Papers. 2015; 69(8): 24–36.
4. Gade R. Advances in Chromatographic Analysis of Phenolic Phytochemicals. MDPI – Foods. 2024; 14(13): 66–79.
5. Karaman I. A Comprehensive Evaluation of a Chalcone Derivative: Structural, Spectroscopic, and Pharmacological Perspectives. Molecules Journal. 2024; 11(12): 37–45.
6. Anwer S. Synthesis, Characterization and Antioxidant Studies of Some Transition Metal Complexes with Chalcone Derivative (2-Chloroacetophenone) and 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde. Research Science Journal. 2024; 34(11): 39–48.
7. Hussein A, Abbas R. Synthesis, characterization, industrial and biological studies of azo dye ligand and their some metallic ions. Baghdad Science Journal. 2024; 21(10): 42–55.
8. Mamataj S, Roy S, Ravindiran G, Datta D, Das B. Contemporary research on synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its applications. Indian Chemical Engineer. 2024; 7(11): 1–30.
9. Pan H, Yao C, Yao S, Yang W, Wu W, Guo D. Metabolomics strategy for authentication of plant medicines with multiple botanical origins: A case study of Uncariae Rammulus Cum Uncis. Journal of Separation Science. 2020; 43(5): 1043–1050.
10. Mahmood N. Effect of Conditions and Catalysis on Products. 1st ed. Eliva Press SRL; 2021. ISBN: 9781636482286.
11. Gaul D, Mezencev R, Long T, Jones, Benigno B, Gray A, Fernández F, McDonald H. Highly accurate metabolomic detection of early-stage ovarian cancer. Scientific Reports. 2015; 5: 16351.
12. Mahmood N. Alternative Methods in Organic Synthesis. 1st ed. Eliva Press SRL; 2020. ISBN: 9798680201176.
13. Nagham M. The Various Preparation Methods in Synthetic Chemistry. 1st ed. Evincepub Publishing House; 2019. ISBN: 978-93-88277-82-2.
14. Alsbr I, Abdullabass H, Mahmood N. Invention of (Gluta.Sulfazane-Cefixime) compounds as inhibitors of cancerous tumors. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research. 2020; 11(2): 44–55.
15. Nagham MA. Synthesis of antifungal chemical compounds from fluconazole with pharmaco-chemical studying. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8(3): 564–573.
16. Hall L, Hill D, Bugden K, Cawley S, Chen M, Grant F. Development of a reverse-phase HPLC retention index model for nontargeted metabolomics using synthetic compounds. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2018; 58(5): 591–604.
17. Tada R, Chavda N, Shah MK. Synthesis and characterization of some new thiosemicarbazide derivatives and their transition metal complexes. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2011; 3: 290–297.
18. Mahmood N. Synthesis and biological study of hetero (atoms and cycles) compounds. Der Pharma Chemica. 2016; 8(6): 40–48.
19. Hasaneen K, Aseel M, Mahmood N. Synthesis of drug derivatives as inhibitors of cancerous cells. Biochemical and Cellular Archives. 2020; 20(2): 82–96.
20. Afaq J. Synthesis, spectral investigation and study of nano-applications of new anil-azo ligands. Al-Harf Journal. 2025; 24(4): 28–39.
21. Atheraa A. Studying of thermal, spectral and liquid crystal properties of new monomers for Schiff base reaction. Al-Harf Journal. 2024; 20(1): 45–55.
22. Rajaa A. Preparation, characterization and study of nano-behaviour of new benzothiazole and triazole derivatives. Al-Harf Journal. 2025; 24(3): 73–87.
23. Alfatlawi I, Mahmood N, Nuha S, Zainab M. Synthesis of new organic compounds via three-component reaction with studying of identification, thermal behavior and bioactivity on bacteria of teeth. Journal of Global Pharma Technology. 2017; 11(9): 157–164.
24. Mahmood N, Saher M, Zainab M, Intisar O. Inhibition activity of (azo–acetyl acetone) on mouth bacteria. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(6): 1683–1686.
25. Jawad A, Mahmood N, Saher M. Development and preparation of ciprofloxacin drug derivatives for treatment of microbial contamination in hospitals and environment. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 2020; 14(2): 1115–1122.
26. Kalapala V, Banothu V, Chandra S. Synthesis and characterization of some new thiosemicarbazide derivatives and their transition metal complexes. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2015; 7(9): 437–445.
27. Nagham M. Synthesis and chemical identification of macro compounds of thiazole and imidazole. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2015; 8(1): 78–84.
28. Dakshayani K, Lingappa Y, Sayaji Rao M. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde derivatives metal complexes. Research Papers International Journal of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 3(6): 50–55.
29. Faria J, Ruiz M, Resasco D. Phase-selective catalysis in emulsions stabilized by Janus silica nanoparticles. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis. 2010; 352(15): 2359–2364.
30. Naumann D, Raoul C, Lénárd H, Michael G. Reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts. Journal of Catalysis. 2014; 311: 369–385.
31. Mahmood N. Review on azo compounds and their biological activity. Biochemical Analysis & Biochemistry. 2015; 5(3): 169–176.
32. Nagham M. Creation of originated macrocyclic sulfazan-formazan compounds and their antifungal assay. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. 2021; 40(3): 32266–32272.
33. Mokrani T, Van R, Albert A, Ismael. Molecular weight and tacticity effect on morphological and mechanical properties of Ziegler–Natta catalyzed isotactic polypropylenes. Polímeros. 2024; 25(6): 556–563.
34. Shireen R, Mahmood N, Ali J. Guanine-substituted heterocyclic derivatives as bioactive compounds. Biochemical and Cellular Archives. 2020; 20(2): 3651–3655.
35. Mahmood N, Nemah S. Chemo-spectral and biological studying of new ligands. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8(3): 674–689.
36. Mahmood N. Designation of macrocyclic sulfazan and triazan as originated compounds with nano-activity estimation. International Journal of Convergence in Healthcare. 2022; 2(1): 25–34.
37. Li Z, Zhuang T, Dong J, Wang L, Xia J, Wang H, Cui X, Wang Z. Sonochemical fabrication of inorganic nanoparticles for catalytic applications. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2021; 71: 105114.
38. Naik R, David M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Caesalpinia bonducella leaf extract and evaluation of biological activities. Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry. 2024; 54(4): 376–386.
39. Mahmood NA. Origination of macrocyclic formazan compounds and comparison of efficiency against breast cancer. Open Access Journal of Biomedical Science. 2022; 4(1): 52–67.
40. Mahmood N. Synthesis of innovative cyclic formazan compounds and evaluation of biological activity. International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering. 2021; 7(2): 5–14.
41. Brédas J, Persson K, Seshadri R. Computational design of functional materials. Chemistry of Materials. 2017; 29(6): 2399–2401.
42. Mahmood N. Inventing macrocyclic formazan compounds and evaluation of nano-behavior by scanning microscopy and chromatography. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. 2022; 41(3): 32783–32792.
43. Olivares R, Amador C, Hachmann J, Atahan S, Sanchez S, Vogt L. Accelerated computational discovery of high-performance organic photovoltaic materials. Energy & Environmental Science. 2011; 4(12): 4849–4861.
44. Abdellah I, Koraiem A, El-Shafei A. Structure–property relationship of Ru(II) complexes for high-efficiency DSSCs. Solar Energy. 2019; 177: 642–651.