Commercial dairy farming faces diverse range of challenges that impact productivity, profitability, and sustainability. Feeding and nutrition remain critical, with fluctuating feed costs, inconsistent forage quality, and the need to balance dietary formulations for optimal milk yield and animal health. Nutritional deficiencies and imbalances can predispose dairy cows to metabolic disorders, compromising overall performance and longevity. Health challenges, including mastitis, lameness, and reproductive disorders, are exacerbated by inadequate management practices and environmental stressors. Effective herd management demands meticulous planning of housing, waste management, and biosecurity to minimize disease outbreaks and improve welfare. Additionally, modern dairy farms must address growing consumer concerns about environmental impacts, particularly methane emissions and resource inefficiency, while maintaining profitability. Integration of precision farming tools offers potential solutions for monitoring animal health, optimizing feed efficiency, and improving farm management. However, barriers, such as high implementation costs and lack of technical expertise persist. This review explores the interconnected challenges of feeding, nutrition, health, and management in commercial dairy farms. Emphasis is placed on identifying gaps and presenting sustainable strategies that align with economic goals and animal welfare standards. Addressing these challenges holistically are crucial for fostering resilience and sustainability in the global dairy industry.

Keywords: Animal, dairy farming, feeding practices, management challenges, milk production, nutrition, reproductive health, sustainability

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Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Reichenbach M, Pinto A, König S, Bhatta R, Schlecht E. Dairy production in an urbanizing environment—Typology and linkages in the megacity of Bengaluru, India. PLoS One. 2021;16( 8):1–22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255791
2. Alothman M, Hogan SA, Hennessy D, Dillon P, Kilcawley KN, O’Donovan M, et al. The ‘grass-fed’ milk story: Understanding the impact of pasture feeding on the composition and quality of bovine milk. Foods, 2019; 8( 8): 350. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080350
3. Rai S. Improved agronomic practices on enhancement of quality forage production for livestock farming. Agron J Nepal. 2024;8:226–236.
4. Maleko D, Ng WT, Msalya G, Mwilawa A, Pasape L, Mtei K. Seasonal variations in the availability of fodder resources and practices of dairy cattle feeding among the smallholder farmers in Western Usambara Highlands, Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2018;50:1653–1664.
5. Samuel D, Wudeneh G, Abiy A, Mesay Y, Tadele M, Takele M. Cost and benefit analysis of dairy farms in ethiopia. Ethiop J Agric Sci. 2019;29(3):29–47.
6. Kang’ethe EK, Lang’a K. Aflatoxin B1 and M1 contamination of animal feeds and milk from urban centers in Kenya. Afr Health Sci. 2009;9(4).
7. Spears JW, Brandao VLN, Heldt J. INVITED REVIEW: Assessing trace mineral status in ruminants, and factors that affect measurements of trace mineral status. Appl Anim Sci. 2022;38(3): 52–267. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2021-02232
8. Nobrega DB, Miltenburg C, Séguin G, Kelton DF. Prevalence and spatial distribution of infectious diseases of dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada. J Dairy Sci. 2024;107(7):5029–5040. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24197
9. Muriu J. Impact of parasites and parasitic diseases on animal health and productivity. J Anim Heal. 2023;3(1):13–23. https://doi.org/10.47604/jah.2100
10. Kapusniaková M, Juráček M, Hanušovský O, Duchoň A, Rolinec M, Gálik Alimentary metabolic disorders in high-producing dairy cows: A review. Acta Fytotech Zootech. 2023;26(4):354–359. Available from:  https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2023.26.04.354-359
11. Garvey M. Lameness in dairy cow herds: Disease aetiology, prevention and management. Dairy 2022;3(1):199–210. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3010016
12. Yilmaz A, Umar S, Turan N, Kayar A, Richt JA, Yilmaz H. Current scenario of viral diseases and vaccination strategies of cattle in Turkey. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2022;16(8):1230–1242. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.14767
13. Manyi-Loh C, Mamphweli S, Meyer E, Okoh A. Antibiotic use in agriculture and its consequential resistance in environmental sources: Potential public health implications. 2018;23(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040795
14. Umaña Sedó SG, Winder CB, Renaud DL. Graduate student literature review: The problem of calf mortality on dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 2023;106(10):7164–7176. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22795
15. Imtiaz M, Rana S. Problems faced by the small scale dairy owners in receiving veterinary services in selected areas of chittagong. Bangladesh J Vet Med. 2014;12(1):63–65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i1.20465
16. Fantuz F, Fatica A, Salimei E, Marcantoni F, Todini L. Nutrition, growth, and age at puberty in heifers. Animals 2024;14(19):2801. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14192801
17. Senger PL. The estrus detection problem: New concepts, technologies, and possibilities. J Dairy Sci. 1994;77(9):2745–2753. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77217-9
18. Walsh SW, Williams EJ, Evans ACO. A review of the causes of poor fertility in high milk producing dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci. 2011;123(3–4):127–138. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.12.001
19. Temesgen MY, Assen AA, Gizaw TT, Minalu BA, Mersha AY. Factors affecting calving to conception interval (days open) in dairy cows located at Dessie and Kombolcha towns, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022;17(2):1–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264029
20. Tsaousioti A, Basioura A, Praxitelous A, Tsousis G. Dystocia in dairy cows and heifers: A review with a focus on future perspectives. Dairy. 2024;5(4):655–671.
21. Tucho TT. Review on retention of placenta in dairy cows and it is economic and reproductive impacts,” J Nat Sci Res. 2017;7(7):28–37.
22. Lee JI, Kim I-H. Pregnancy loss in dairy cows: the contributing factors, the effects on reproductive performance and the economic impact. J Vet Sci. 2007;8(3):283.
23. Saacke RG. Insemination factors related to timed AI in cattle. Theriogenology. 2008;70(3):479–484.
24. Mukasafari MA, Mpatswenumugabo JP, Ndahetuye JB, Wredle E, Båge R. Management factors affecting milk yield, composition, and quality on smallholder dairy farms. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2025;57(2):1–12.
25. Riveros-Galán DS, Obando-Chaves M. Mastitis, somatic cell count, and its impact on the quality of dairy-products… An omission in Colombia?: A review. Rev Colomb Ciencias Pecu. 2021;34(4):241–253.
26. Owusu-Kwarteng J, Akabanda F, Agyei D, Jespersen L. Microbial safety of milk production and fermented dairy products in Africa. Microorganisms. 2020;8(5):752.
27. Bekuma A, Galmessa U. Review on hygienic milk products practice and occurrence of mastitis in cow’s milk. Agric Res Technol Open Access J. 2018;18(2):1–11.
28. Sachi S, Ferdous J, Sikder MH, Hussani SMAK. Antibiotic residues in milk: Past, present, and future. J. Adv Vet Anim Res. 2019;6(3):315.
29. Paludetti LF, Jordan K, Kelly AL, Gleeson D. Evaluating the effect of storage conditions on milk microbiological quality and composition. Irish J Agric Food Res. 2018;57(1):52–62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAFR-2018-0006.
30. Herbut P, Angrecka S. Ammonia concentrations in a free-stall dairy barn. Ann Anim Sci. 2014;14(1):153–166. Available from: https://doi,org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0065
31. Rahman M, Ashif Imtiaz M, Ahaduzzaman Md, Ghosh KK, Masud Aa, Chowdhury S, et al. Effects of flooring and rearing system on hoof health of dairy cows in some selected areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Anim Sci. 2014;43(2):132–137. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i2.20714
32. Cole JB, Makanjuola BO, Rochus CM, van Staaveren N, Baes C. The effects of breeding and selection on lactation in dairy cattle. Anim Front. 2023;13(3):55–63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfad044
33. Newton JE, Nettle R, Pryce JE. Farming smarter with big data: Insights from the case of Australia’s national dairy herd milk recording scheme. Agric Syst. 2020;181:102811. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102811
34. Gutiérrez-Reinoso MA, Aponte PM, García-Herreros M. A review of inbreeding depression in dairy cattle: Current status, emerging control strategies, and future prospects. J Dairy Res. 2022;89(1):3–12.
35. Carvalho FE, Ferraz JBS, Pedrosa VB, Matos EC, Eler JP, Silva MR, et al. Genetic parameters for various semen production and quality traits and indicators of male and female reproductive performance in Nellore cattle. BMC Genom. 2023;24(1):150.
36. Habeeb AA, Gad AE, Atta MA. Temperature-humidity indices as indicators to heat stress of climatic conditions with relation to production and reproduction of farm animals. Int J Biotechnol Recent Adv. 2018;1(1):35–50.
37. Abulude FO, Fadiyimu AA. The impact of flooding on dairy cattle farms: Challenges, consequences, and mitigation strategies. ASEAN J. Agric Food Eng. 2024;3(2):89–124.
38. Alegbeleye OO, Sant’Ana AS. Manure-borne pathogens as an important source of water contamination: An update on the dynamics of pathogen survival/transport as well as practical risk mitigation strategies. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020;227:113524. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113524
39. Lima PDM, Edström M, Aronsson H, Nordberg, Sindhøj E. Comparative analysis of manure treatment scenarios on climate change and eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2025;212:108017. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108017
40. Kumar R, Kumar A, Saikia P. Deforestation and forests degradation impacts on the environment. In Environmental Degradation: Challenges and Strategies for Mitigation. Springer; 2022. pp. 19–46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95542-7_2
41. Minoofar A, Gholami A, Eslami S, Hajizadeh A, Gholami A, Zandi M, et al.  Renewable energy system opportunities: A sustainable solution toward cleaner production and reducing carbon footprint of large-scale dairy farms. Energy Convers Manag. 2023;293:117554. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117554
42. Kanire E, Msuya E, Alphonce R. Drivers of dairy farmers’ engagement in informal milk markets: Policy implications for developing countries. J Agric Food Res. 2024;16:101128. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101128
43. Bai Z, Liu C, Wang H, Li C. Evolution characteristics and influencing factors of global dairy trade. Sustain., 2023;15(2):931. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020931
44. Chowdhury TU, Bhuiya MMM. Necessity of agricultural commodity derivatives market for overcoming the problems in the agricultural supply chain of Bangladesh: A review and way forward. J. Supply Chain Manag Res Pract. 2023;17(1):1–16.
45. Fekata A, Eshetu M, Fita L, Galmessa U, Berhe T. Milk post-harvest losses, its causes and mitigation strategies along the dairy value chain of selected milk sheds of Ethiopia. Asian J Dairy Food Res. 2023;42(3):420–426.
46. Jafri SH, Adnan KMM, Baimbill Johnson S, Talukder AA, Yu M, Osei E. Challenges and solutions for small dairy farms in the US: A review. Agriculture, 2024;14(12):2369.
47. Salinas-Martínez JA, Posadas-Domínguez RR, Morales-Díaz LD, Rebollar-Rebollar S, Rojo-Rubio R. Cost analysis and economic optimization of small-scale dairy production systems in Mexico. Livest Sci. 2020;237:104028. Available from: https://doi,org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104028
48. Uddin MM, Sultana MN, Ndambi OA, Hemme T, Peters KJ. A farm economic analysis in different dairy production systems in Bangladesh. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2010;22( 7), [Online]. Available from: file:///D:/Intern period 2022/Report writting/Production report/PDFs/FarmEconomicanalysis.pdf
49. Maynard LJ, Wolf C, Gearhardt M. Can futures and options markets hold the milk price safety net? Policy conflicts and market failures in dairy hedging. Appl Econ Perspect Policy. 2005;27(2):273–286.
50. Okolo EC, Landaverde R, Doerfert D, Manuel Piñeiro J, Hudson D, Elbert C, et al. Preparedness, response, and communication preferences of dairy farmers during extreme weather events: A phenomenological case study,” Climate. 2025;13(2):29.
51. Yeasmin S, Haque S, Mehedi Adnan KM, Parvin MT, Saidur Rahman M,  Mostafizur Rahman K, et al. Factors influencing demand for, and supply of, agricultural credit: A study from Bangladesh,” J Agric Food Res. 2024;16:101173. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101173.

Commercial dairy farming faces diverse range of challenges that impact productivity, profitability, and sustainability. Feeding and nutrition remain critical, with fluctuating feed costs, inconsistent forage quality, and the need to balance dietary formulations for optimal milk yield and animal health. Nutritional deficiencies and imbalances can predispose dairy cows to metabolic disorders, compromising overall performance and longevity. Health challenges, including mastitis, lameness, and reproductive disorders, are exacerbated by inadequate management practices and environmental stressors. Effective herd management demands meticulous planning of housing, waste management, and biosecurity to minimize disease outbreaks and improve welfare. Additionally, modern dairy farms must address growing consumer concerns about environmental impacts, particularly methane emissions and resource inefficiency, while maintaining profitability. Integration of precision farming tools offers potential solutions for monitoring animal health, optimizing feed efficiency, and improving farm management. However, barriers, such as high implementation costs and lack of technical expertise persist. This review explores the interconnected challenges of feeding, nutrition, health, and management in commercial dairy farms. Emphasis is placed on identifying gaps and presenting sustainable strategies that align with economic goals and animal welfare standards. Addressing these challenges holistically are crucial for fostering resilience and sustainability in the global dairy industry.

Keywords: Animal, dairy farming, feeding practices, management challenges, milk production, nutrition, reproductive health, sustainability

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Reichenbach M, Pinto A, König S, Bhatta R, Schlecht E. Dairy production in an urbanizing environment—Typology and linkages in the megacity of Bengaluru, India. PLoS One. 2021;16( 8):1–22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255791
2. Alothman M, Hogan SA, Hennessy D, Dillon P, Kilcawley KN, O’Donovan M, et al. The ‘grass-fed’ milk story: Understanding the impact of pasture feeding on the composition and quality of bovine milk. Foods, 2019; 8( 8): 350. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080350
3. Rai S. Improved agronomic practices on enhancement of quality forage production for livestock farming. Agron J Nepal. 2024;8:226–236.
4. Maleko D, Ng WT, Msalya G, Mwilawa A, Pasape L, Mtei K. Seasonal variations in the availability of fodder resources and practices of dairy cattle feeding among the smallholder farmers in Western Usambara Highlands, Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2018;50:1653–1664.
5. Samuel D, Wudeneh G, Abiy A, Mesay Y, Tadele M, Takele M. Cost and benefit analysis of dairy farms in ethiopia. Ethiop J Agric Sci. 2019;29(3):29–47.
6. Kang’ethe EK, Lang’a K. Aflatoxin B1 and M1 contamination of animal feeds and milk from urban centers in Kenya. Afr Health Sci. 2009;9(4).
7. Spears JW, Brandao VLN, Heldt J. INVITED REVIEW: Assessing trace mineral status in ruminants, and factors that affect measurements of trace mineral status. Appl Anim Sci. 2022;38(3): 52–267. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2021-02232
8. Nobrega DB, Miltenburg C, Séguin G, Kelton DF. Prevalence and spatial distribution of infectious diseases of dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada. J Dairy Sci. 2024;107(7):5029–5040. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24197
9. Muriu J. Impact of parasites and parasitic diseases on animal health and productivity. J Anim Heal. 2023;3(1):13–23. https://doi.org/10.47604/jah.2100
10. Kapusniaková M, Juráček M, Hanušovský O, Duchoň A, Rolinec M, Gálik Alimentary metabolic disorders in high-producing dairy cows: A review. Acta Fytotech Zootech. 2023;26(4):354–359. Available from:  https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2023.26.04.354-359
11. Garvey M. Lameness in dairy cow herds: Disease aetiology, prevention and management. Dairy 2022;3(1):199–210. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3010016
12. Yilmaz A, Umar S, Turan N, Kayar A, Richt JA, Yilmaz H. Current scenario of viral diseases and vaccination strategies of cattle in Turkey. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2022;16(8):1230–1242. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.14767
13. Manyi-Loh C, Mamphweli S, Meyer E, Okoh A. Antibiotic use in agriculture and its consequential resistance in environmental sources: Potential public health implications. 2018;23(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040795
14. Umaña Sedó SG, Winder CB, Renaud DL. Graduate student literature review: The problem of calf mortality on dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 2023;106(10):7164–7176. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22795
15. Imtiaz M, Rana S. Problems faced by the small scale dairy owners in receiving veterinary services in selected areas of chittagong. Bangladesh J Vet Med. 2014;12(1):63–65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i1.20465
16. Fantuz F, Fatica A, Salimei E, Marcantoni F, Todini L. Nutrition, growth, and age at puberty in heifers. Animals 2024;14(19):2801. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14192801
17. Senger PL. The estrus detection problem: New concepts, technologies, and possibilities. J Dairy Sci. 1994;77(9):2745–2753. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77217-9
18. Walsh SW, Williams EJ, Evans ACO. A review of the causes of poor fertility in high milk producing dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci. 2011;123(3–4):127–138. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.12.001
19. Temesgen MY, Assen AA, Gizaw TT, Minalu BA, Mersha AY. Factors affecting calving to conception interval (days open) in dairy cows located at Dessie and Kombolcha towns, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022;17(2):1–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264029
20. Tsaousioti A, Basioura A, Praxitelous A, Tsousis G. Dystocia in dairy cows and heifers: A review with a focus on future perspectives. Dairy. 2024;5(4):655–671.
21. Tucho TT. Review on retention of placenta in dairy cows and it is economic and reproductive impacts,” J Nat Sci Res. 2017;7(7):28–37.
22. Lee JI, Kim I-H. Pregnancy loss in dairy cows: the contributing factors, the effects on reproductive performance and the economic impact. J Vet Sci. 2007;8(3):283.
23. Saacke RG. Insemination factors related to timed AI in cattle. Theriogenology. 2008;70(3):479–484.
24. Mukasafari MA, Mpatswenumugabo JP, Ndahetuye JB, Wredle E, Båge R. Management factors affecting milk yield, composition, and quality on smallholder dairy farms. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2025;57(2):1–12.
25. Riveros-Galán DS, Obando-Chaves M. Mastitis, somatic cell count, and its impact on the quality of dairy-products… An omission in Colombia?: A review. Rev Colomb Ciencias Pecu. 2021;34(4):241–253.
26. Owusu-Kwarteng J, Akabanda F, Agyei D, Jespersen L. Microbial safety of milk production and fermented dairy products in Africa. Microorganisms. 2020;8(5):752.
27. Bekuma A, Galmessa U. Review on hygienic milk products practice and occurrence of mastitis in cow’s milk. Agric Res Technol Open Access J. 2018;18(2):1–11.
28. Sachi S, Ferdous J, Sikder MH, Hussani SMAK. Antibiotic residues in milk: Past, present, and future. J. Adv Vet Anim Res. 2019;6(3):315.
29. Paludetti LF, Jordan K, Kelly AL, Gleeson D. Evaluating the effect of storage conditions on milk microbiological quality and composition. Irish J Agric Food Res. 2018;57(1):52–62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAFR-2018-0006.
30. Herbut P, Angrecka S. Ammonia concentrations in a free-stall dairy barn. Ann Anim Sci. 2014;14(1):153–166. Available from: https://doi,org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0065
31. Rahman M, Ashif Imtiaz M, Ahaduzzaman Md, Ghosh KK, Masud Aa, Chowdhury S, et al. Effects of flooring and rearing system on hoof health of dairy cows in some selected areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Anim Sci. 2014;43(2):132–137. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i2.20714
32. Cole JB, Makanjuola BO, Rochus CM, van Staaveren N, Baes C. The effects of breeding and selection on lactation in dairy cattle. Anim Front. 2023;13(3):55–63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfad044
33. Newton JE, Nettle R, Pryce JE. Farming smarter with big data: Insights from the case of Australia’s national dairy herd milk recording scheme. Agric Syst. 2020;181:102811. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102811
34. Gutiérrez-Reinoso MA, Aponte PM, García-Herreros M. A review of inbreeding depression in dairy cattle: Current status, emerging control strategies, and future prospects. J Dairy Res. 2022;89(1):3–12.
35. Carvalho FE, Ferraz JBS, Pedrosa VB, Matos EC, Eler JP, Silva MR, et al. Genetic parameters for various semen production and quality traits and indicators of male and female reproductive performance in Nellore cattle. BMC Genom. 2023;24(1):150.
36. Habeeb AA, Gad AE, Atta MA. Temperature-humidity indices as indicators to heat stress of climatic conditions with relation to production and reproduction of farm animals. Int J Biotechnol Recent Adv. 2018;1(1):35–50.
37. Abulude FO, Fadiyimu AA. The impact of flooding on dairy cattle farms: Challenges, consequences, and mitigation strategies. ASEAN J. Agric Food Eng. 2024;3(2):89–124.
38. Alegbeleye OO, Sant’Ana AS. Manure-borne pathogens as an important source of water contamination: An update on the dynamics of pathogen survival/transport as well as practical risk mitigation strategies. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020;227:113524. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113524
39. Lima PDM, Edström M, Aronsson H, Nordberg, Sindhøj E. Comparative analysis of manure treatment scenarios on climate change and eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2025;212:108017. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108017
40. Kumar R, Kumar A, Saikia P. Deforestation and forests degradation impacts on the environment. In Environmental Degradation: Challenges and Strategies for Mitigation. Springer; 2022. pp. 19–46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95542-7_2
41. Minoofar A, Gholami A, Eslami S, Hajizadeh A, Gholami A, Zandi M, et al.  Renewable energy system opportunities: A sustainable solution toward cleaner production and reducing carbon footprint of large-scale dairy farms. Energy Convers Manag. 2023;293:117554. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117554
42. Kanire E, Msuya E, Alphonce R. Drivers of dairy farmers’ engagement in informal milk markets: Policy implications for developing countries. J Agric Food Res. 2024;16:101128. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101128
43. Bai Z, Liu C, Wang H, Li C. Evolution characteristics and influencing factors of global dairy trade. Sustain., 2023;15(2):931. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020931
44. Chowdhury TU, Bhuiya MMM. Necessity of agricultural commodity derivatives market for overcoming the problems in the agricultural supply chain of Bangladesh: A review and way forward. J. Supply Chain Manag Res Pract. 2023;17(1):1–16.
45. Fekata A, Eshetu M, Fita L, Galmessa U, Berhe T. Milk post-harvest losses, its causes and mitigation strategies along the dairy value chain of selected milk sheds of Ethiopia. Asian J Dairy Food Res. 2023;42(3):420–426.
46. Jafri SH, Adnan KMM, Baimbill Johnson S, Talukder AA, Yu M, Osei E. Challenges and solutions for small dairy farms in the US: A review. Agriculture, 2024;14(12):2369.
47. Salinas-Martínez JA, Posadas-Domínguez RR, Morales-Díaz LD, Rebollar-Rebollar S, Rojo-Rubio R. Cost analysis and economic optimization of small-scale dairy production systems in Mexico. Livest Sci. 2020;237:104028. Available from: https://doi,org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104028
48. Uddin MM, Sultana MN, Ndambi OA, Hemme T, Peters KJ. A farm economic analysis in different dairy production systems in Bangladesh. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2010;22( 7), [Online]. Available from: file:///D:/Intern period 2022/Report writting/Production report/PDFs/FarmEconomicanalysis.pdf
49. Maynard LJ, Wolf C, Gearhardt M. Can futures and options markets hold the milk price safety net? Policy conflicts and market failures in dairy hedging. Appl Econ Perspect Policy. 2005;27(2):273–286.
50. Okolo EC, Landaverde R, Doerfert D, Manuel Piñeiro J, Hudson D, Elbert C, et al. Preparedness, response, and communication preferences of dairy farmers during extreme weather events: A phenomenological case study,” Climate. 2025;13(2):29.
51. Yeasmin S, Haque S, Mehedi Adnan KM, Parvin MT, Saidur Rahman M,  Mostafizur Rahman K, et al. Factors influencing demand for, and supply of, agricultural credit: A study from Bangladesh,” J Agric Food Res. 2024;16:101173. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101173.