Enhancing Fertility in Dairy Cows: Integrating Nutritional, Hormonal, and Technological Approaches for Optimal Reproductive Health

Enhancing Fertility in Dairy Cows: Integrating Nutritional, Hormonal, and Technological Approaches for Optimal Reproductive Health

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Volume: 12 | Issue: 1 | Year 2026 | Subscription

International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications

Received Date: 09/17/2025

Acceptance Date: 11/13/2025

Published On: 2026-01-19

First Page:

Last Page:

Journal Menu

By: Md. Emran Hossain and Shilpi Islam

Md. Emran Hossain: Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
Shilpi Islam: Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Gazipur Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Abstract

Enhancing fertility in dairy cows is crucial for improving reproductive efficiency, ensuring sustainable dairy production, and optimizing herd health. This study explores the integration of nutritional, hormonal, and technological approaches to achieve optimal reproductive outcomes. Nutritional interventions, including macro- and trace minerals, vitamins, protein supplements, and energy boosters, are critical in supporting the physiological demands of dairy cows, particularly during transition periods and lactation. Hormonal therapies such as progesterone, GnRH analogs, and prostaglandins are pivotal in regulating estrus cycles and improving conception rates. Technological innovations, including artificial insemination (AI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and advanced reproductive imaging techniques, provide valuable tools for improving breeding efficiency and monitoring reproductive health. Additionally, emerging approaches like stem cell therapy, nanotechnology, and microbiome-targeted therapies offer promising avenues for enhancing fertility through more personalized and precise interventions. Understanding the interplay between these
strategies enables the development of more effective fertility management systems. The integration of
these approaches addresses key challenges in dairy farming, including metabolic disorders, environmental stress, and inefficient breeding, thereby enhancing reproductive success and overall farm productivity. This review underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach in optimizing fertility, highlighting the potential for future research to refine and expand these strategies for sustainable dairy development.
Keywords: Dairy cow fertility, hormonal therapies, reproductive health, metabolic disorders, probiotics, reproductive technologies, trace minerals, omega-3 fatty acids

Citation:

How to cite this article: Md. Emran Hossain and Shilpi Islam, Enhancing Fertility in Dairy Cows: Integrating Nutritional, Hormonal, and Technological Approaches for Optimal Reproductive Health. International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. 2026; 12(1): -p.

How to cite this URL: Md. Emran Hossain and Shilpi Islam, Enhancing Fertility in Dairy Cows: Integrating Nutritional, Hormonal, and Technological Approaches for Optimal Reproductive Health. International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. 2026; 12(1): -p. Available from:https://journalspub.com/publication/ijaba/article=23254

Refrences:

1. Tobolski D, Krupa M, Polak Z, Pascottini OB, Opsomer G, Barański W. Exploring the influence of endometritis diagnostic criteria on uterine involution, milk yield and fertility in dairy cows. 2025. Springer. doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04727-7.
2. Ayantoye JO, et al. Advances in Timed Artificial Insemination: Integrating Omics Technologies for Enhanced Reproductive Efficiency in Dairy Cattle. 2025. mdpi.com. doi: 10.3390/ani15060816.
3. Inchaisri C, Jorritsma R, Vos PLAM, Van der Weijden GC, Hogeveen H. Economic consequences of reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Theriogenology. 2010;74(5):835–846.
4. Mohammed AA, Al-Saiady M, et al. Effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on reproductive performance and biochemical parameters of lactating cows in arid subtropics. 2024. researcherslinks.com. Available from:https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1714940143_PJZ_MH20231225161301_Mohammed et al.pdf.
5. Gupta D, Sarkar A, Pal Y, Suthar V, Chawade A, Kushwaha SK. Bovine reproductive tract and microbiome dynamics: current knowledge, challenges, and its potential to enhance fertility in dairy cows. Front Microbiomes. 2024;3:1473076.
6. Clasen JB, Fikse WF, Ramin M, Lindberg M. Effects of herd management decisions on dairy cow longevity, farm profitability, and emissions of enteric methane – a simulation study of milk and beef production. 2024. Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101051.
7. Bisinotto RS, et al. Influences of nutrition and metabolism on fertility of dairy cows. Anim Reprod. 2018;9(3):260–272.
8. Adnane M, Whiston R, Tasara T, Bleul U, Chapwanya A. Harnessing Vaginal Probiotics for Enhanced Management of Uterine Disease and Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows: A Conceptual Review. 2024. mdpi.com. doi: 10.3390/ani14071073.
9. Gupta D, Sarkar A, Pal Y, Suthar V, Chawade A, Kushwaha SK. Bovine reproductive tract and microbiome dynamics: current knowledge, challenges, and its potential to enhance fertility in dairy cows. 2024. frontiersin.org. doi: 10.3389/frmbi.2024.1473076.
10. Roche JF. The effect of nutritional management of the dairy cow on reproductive efficiency. Anim Reprod Sci. 2006;96(3–4):282–296. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.007.
11. Paul AK, Yoisungnern T, Bunaparte N. Hormonal treatment and estrus synchronization in cows: A mini-review. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2015;2(1):10–17.
12. Yadav JN, Singh HK, Yadav V, Diwakar RP. Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer: Emerging Technologies in the Livestock Industry. Int J Environ Agric Biotechnol. 2025;10(2):610868.
13. Hignett SL, Hignett PG. The influence of nutrition on reproductive efficiency in cattle. II. The effect of the phosphorus intake on ovarian activity and fertility of heifers. Vet Rec. 1952;64:203–206.
14. Carroll J. The initiation and regulation of Ca2+ signalling at fertilization in mammals. In: Seminars in cell & developmental biology. Elsevier; 2001. p. 37–43.
15. Chen YH, Chen YM, Tu PA, Lee KH, Chen JY, Hsu JT. Effect of Supplementing Vitamin E, Selenium, Copper, Zinc, and Manganese during the Transition Period on Dairy Cow Reproductive Performance and Immune Function. Vet Sci. 2023;10(3):225. doi: 10.3390/vetsci10030225.
16. Tucho TT. Review on Retention of Placenta in Dairy Cows and it is Economic and Reproductive Impacts. 2017. researchgate.net. Available from: www.iiste.org.
17. Tucho TT. Review on Retention of Placenta in Dairy Cows and it is Economic and Reproductive Impacts. J Nat Sci Res. 2017;7(7):28–37. Available from: www.iiste.org.
18. Swelum AA, et al. Enhancing in vitro oocyte maturation competence and embryo development in farm animals: roles of vitamin-based antioxidants – a review. Ann Anim Sci. 2022;22(1):3–19.
19. Tyagi N, Thakur SS, Shelke SK. Effect of bypass fat supplementation on productive and reproductive performance in crossbred cows. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2010;42(8):1749–1755. doi: 10.1007/s11250-010-9631-1.
20. Zhang F, Nan X, Wang H, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Xiong B. Effects of propylene glycol on negative energy balance of postpartum dairy cows. Animals. 2020;10(9):1–15. doi: 10.3390/ani10091526.
21. Coyne GS, Kenny DA, Childs S, Sreenan JM, Waters SM. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alter the expression of genes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis in the bovine uterus. Theriogenology. 2008;70(5):772–782.
22. García-Martínez T, et al. Glutathione ethyl ester protects in vitro-maturing bovine oocytes against oxidative stress induced by subsequent vitrification/warming. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(20):7547.
23. Lopes MG, Dominguez JHE, Corrêa MN, Schmitt E, Fischer G. Rumen-protected methionine in cattle: influences on reproduction, immune response, and productive performance. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo). 2019;86:e1292018. doi: 10.1590/1808-1657001292018.
24. Nasiri AH, Towhidi A, Shakeri M, Zhandi M, Dehghan-Banadaky M, Colazo MG. Effects of live yeast dietary supplementation on hormonal profile, ovarian follicular dynamics, and reproductive performance in dairy cows exposed to high ambient temperature. Theriogenology. 2018;122:41 46. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.013.
25. Huang X, Wang S, Wang L, Wang H, Li X, Cui D. Administration of an herbal powder based on traditional Chinese veterinary medicine enhanced the fertility of Holstein dairy cows affected with retained placenta. Theriogenology. 2018;121:67–71. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.008.
26. Martinez MF, Kastelic JP, Adams GP, Mapletoft RJ. The use of a progesterone-releasing device (CIDR-B) or melengestrol acetate with GnRH, LH, or estradiol benzoate for fixed-time AI in beef heifers. J Anim Sci. 2002;80(7):1746–1751.
27. Sales JNS, et al. Effects of two estradiol esters (benzoate and cypionate) on the induction of synchronized ovulations in Bos indicus cows submitted to a timed artificial insemination protocol. Theriogenology. 2012;78(3):510–516.
28. Hassanein EM, Szelényi Z, Szenci O. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) and Its Agonists in Bovine Reproduction II: Diverse Applications during Insemination, Post-Insemination,
Pregnancy, and Postpartum Periods. Animals. 2024;14(11):1473. doi: 10.3390/ani14111575.
29. Murugavel K, Yániz JL, Santolaria P, López-Béjar M, López-Gatius F. Prostaglandin based estrus synchronization in postpartum dairy cows: An Update. J Appl Res Vet Med. 2003;1(1):51–65.
30. Mikkola M, Taponen J. Embryo yield in dairy cattle after superovulation with Folltropin or Pluset. Theriogenology. 2017;88:84–88. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.052.
31. Contreras-Méndez LA, et al. The Anti-Müllerian Hormone as Endocrine and Molecular Marker Associated with Reproductive Performance in Holstein Dairy Cows Exposed to Heat Stress. Animals. 2024;14(2):213. doi: 10.3390/ani14020213.
32. UÇAR Ö, AĞIRBAŞ D. A Holistic Approach to the Effects of Intrauterine Antimicrobial Therapy on Pregnancy Rate after Artificial Insemination in Dairy Cows. Black Sea J Heal Sci. 2022;5(3):591–596. doi: 10.19127/bshealthscience.1089471.
33. Amin YA, et al. Abortion associated with postpartum opportunistic bacterial invasion reduces fertility and induces disturbances of reproductive hormones, hematological profile, and oxidant/antioxidant profiles in dairy cows. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2023;10(4):654.
34. Carbonari A, et al. Oxytocin, prostaglandin F2α, and scopolamine for uterine involution of dairy cows. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1405746. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1405746.
35. Dawuda PM, et al. Effect of timing of urea feeding on the yield and quality of embryos in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2002;58(8):1443–1455. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00973-1.
36. De Rensis F, et al. Fertility in postpartum dairy cows in winter or summer following estrus synchronization and fixed time AI after the induction of an LH surge with GnRH or hCG. Theriogenology. 2002;58(9):1675–1687. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01075-0.
37. Sartori R, Bastos MR, Wiltbank MC. Factors affecting fertilisation and early embryo quality in single- and superovulated dairy cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2010;22(1):151–158. doi: 10.1071/RD09221.
38. Robinson JJ, Ashworth CJ, Rooke JA, Mitchell LM, McEvoy TG. Nutrition and fertility in ruminant livestock. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2006;126(3–4):259–276. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.006.
39. Santos JEP, Ribeiro ES. Impact of animal health on reproduction of dairy cows. Anim Reprod. 2014;11(3):254–269 Available from: https://www.animalreproduction.org/article/5b5a6040f7783717068b465c.
40. Leroy JLMR, et al. Negative energy balance and metabolic stress in relation to oocyte and embryo quality: An update on possible pathways reducing fertility in dairy cows. Anim Reprod. 2017;14(3):497–506. doi: 10.21451/1984-3143-AR992.
41. Ribeiro ES, et al. Carryover effect of postpartum inflammatory diseases on developmental biology and fertility in lactating dairy cows. 2016. Elsevier. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10337.
42. Nowicki A, Barański W, Baryczka A, Janowski T. OvSynch protocol and its modifications in the reproduction management of dairy cattle herds–an update. J Vet Res. 2017;61(3):329.
43. Sureshbabu A, et al. The impact of curcumin on livestock and poultry animal’s performance and management of insect pests. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1–17. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1048067.
44. Colazo MG, Hayirli A, Doepel L, Ambrose DJ. Reproductive performance of dairy cows is influenced by prepartum feed restriction and dietary fatty acid source. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(6):2562–2571. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1517.
45. Kumar A, Gupta HP, Kumar S, Singh SP. Studies on immunomodulatory and therapeutic efficacy of a combination of garlic, turmeric and neem on endometritis in repeat breeding crossbred cows. J Vet Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019;18(1):19–21.
46. Paiano RB, et al. In vitro effects of cinnamon, oregano, and thyme essential oils against Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes isolated from dairy cows with clinical endometritis. Theriogenology. 2023;196:106–111.
47. Attia MFA, El-Din ANMN, El-Zarkouny SZ, El-Zaiat HM, Zeitoun MM, Sallam SMA. Impact of Quebracho tannins supplementation on productive and reproductive efficiency of dairy cows. OpenJ Anim Sci. 2016;6(4):269.
48. Bender K, Walsh S, Evans ACO, Fair T, Brennan L. Metabolite concentrations in follicular fluid may explain differences in fertility between heifers and lactating cows. 2010. rep.bioscientifica.com. doi: 10.1530/REP-10-0068.
49. Forde N, et al. Lactation-induced changes in metabolic status and follicular-fluid metabolomic profile in postpartum dairy cows. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2016;28(12):1882–1892. doi: 10.1071/RD14348.
50. Lucy MC, Butler ST, Garverick HA. Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic and foetal development in dairy cows. Animal. 2014;8(Suppl 1):82 90. doi: 10.1017/S1751731114000482.
51. Souza AH, Narciso CD, Batista EOS, Carvalho PD, Wiltbank MC. Effect of uterine environment on embryo production and fertility in cows. Anim Reprod. 2014;11(3):159–167. Available from:
https://animal-reproduction.org/article/5b5a603ef7783717068b4652.
52. Lucy MC. Stress, strain, and pregnancy outcome in postpartum cows. 2019. SciELO Brasil. doi: 10.21451/1984-3143-AR2019-0063.
53. Chagas LM, et al. Invited review: New perspectives on the roles of nutrition and metabolic priorities in the subfertility of high-producing dairy cows. 2007. Elsevier. doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-852.
54. Leroy JLMR, Van Soom A, Opsomer G, Bols PEJ. The consequences of metabolic changes in high yielding dairy cows on oocyte and embryo quality. Animal. 2008;2(8):1120–1127. doi:10.1017/S1751731108002383.
55. Sahu J, Misra AK, Baithalu RK. Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation improves nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and reproductive performances in dairy cows during early lactation. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2023;55(6):396.
56. Ferré LB, Kjelland ME, Strøbech LB, Hyttel P, Mermillod P, Ross PJ. Recent advances in bovine in
vitro embryo production: reproductive biotechnology history and methods. Animal. 2020;14(5):991–1004.
57. Mebratu B, Fesseha H, Goa E. Embryo transfer in cattle production and its principle and applications. Int J Pharm Biomed Res. 2020;7(1):40–54.
58. de Lima FS. Recent advances and future directions for uterine diseases diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management in dairy cows. 2020. SciELO Brasil. doi: 10.1590/1984-3143-AR2020-0063.
59. Santos JEP, Bisinotto RS, Ribeiro ES. Mechanisms underlying reduced fertility in anovular dairy
cows. Theriogenology. 2016;86(1):254–262. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.038.
60. Holden SA, Butler ST. Applications and benefits of sexed semen in dairy and beef herds. Animal. 2018;12(S1):s97–s103.
61. Butler LJ, Wolf MM. Economic analysis of the impact of cloning on improving dairy herd composition. AgBioForum. 2010;13(2):194–207.
62. Fleming A, Abdalla EA, Maltecca C, Baes CF. Invited review: Reproductive and genomic
technologies to optimize breeding strategies for genetic progress in dairy cattle. Arch Anim Breed. 2018;61(1):43–57. doi: 10.5194/aab-61-43-2018.
63. Van Hoeck V, Bols PEJ, Binelli M, Leroy JLMR. Reduced oocyte and embryo quality in response to elevated non-esterified fatty acid concentrations: A possible pathway to subfertility? Anim Reprod Sci. 2014;149(1–2):19–29. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.07.015.
64. Abdelatty AM, Iwaniuk ME, Potts SB, Gad A. Influence of maternal nutrition and heat stress on bovine oocyte and embryo development. Int J Vet Sci Med. 2018; doi: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.01.005.
65. LeBlanc SJ. Review: Postpartum reproductive disease and fertility in dairy cows. Animal. 2023; doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100781.
66. Bustani GS, Baiee FH. Semen extenders: An evaluative overview of preservative mechanisms of semen and semen extenders. Vet World. 2021;14(5):1220.
67. Roth Z. Cooling is the predominant strategy to alleviate the effects of heat stress on dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim. 2022;57(S1):16–22. doi: 10.1111/rda.13765.
68. Popescu S, Borda C, Diugan EA, Niculae M, Stefan R, Sandru CD. The effect of the housing system on the welfare quality of dairy cow. Ital J Anim Sci. 2014;13(1):15–22. doi: 10.4081/ijas.2014.2940.
69. Hossain E. Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cows: Its Causes, Consequences and Preventive Measures. Online J Anim Feed Res. 2020;10(6):302–12. doi: 10.51227/ojafr.2020.41.
70. Brady EL, Kelly ET, Lynch MB, Fahey AG, Pierce KM, Mulligan FJ. The effect of concentrate feeding strategy and dairy cow genotype on milk production, pasture intake, body condition score and metabolic status under restricted grazing conditions. Livest Sci. 2022;256:104815. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104815.
71. Useni BA, Muller CJC, Cruywagen CW. Pre-and postpartum effects of starch and fat in dairy cows:
A review. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2018;48(3):413–26. doi: 10.4314/sajas.v48i3.2.
72. Maicas C, et al. Fertility of fresh and frozen sex-sorted semen in dairy cows and heifers in seasonal calving pasture-based herds. J Dairy Sci. 2019; doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-16740.
73. Butler ST. Nutritional management to optimize fertility of dairy cows in pasture-based systems. Animal. 2014;8(s1):15–26.
74. McCaughey WP, Wittenberg K, Corrigan D. Impact of pasture type on methane production by lactating beef cows. Can J Anim Sci. 1999;79(2):221–6. doi: 10.4141/A98-107.
75. Knaus W. Perspectives on pasture versus indoor feeding of dairy cows. J Sci Food Agric. 2016;96(1):9 17. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7273.
76. Bayne JE, Waters KM, Armstrong CL. Biosecurity Principles for Reproductive Diseases of Cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim Pract. 2025;41(1):55–69.
77. Baruselli PS, Ferreira RM, Vieira LM, Souza AH, Bó GA, Rodrigues CA. Use of embryo transfer
to alleviate infertility caused by heat stress. Theriogenology. 2020;155:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.04.028.
78. Wolfenson D, Roth Z, Meidan R. Impaired reproduction in heat-stressed cattle: Basic and applied aspects. Anim Reprod Sci. 2000;60–61:535–47. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00102-0.
79. Ihsanullah, Qureshi MS, Akhtar S, Suhail SM. Seasonal stress affects reproductive and lactation traits in dairy cattle with various levels of exotic blood and parities under subtropical condition. PakJ Zool. 2020;52(1):147–55. doi: 10.17582/journal.pjz/2020.52.1.147.155.
80. Montiel-Olguín LJ, et al. Body condition score and milk production on conception rate of cows under a small-scale dairy system. Animals. 2019;9(10):2–10. doi: 10.3390/ani9100800.
81. Amin YA, et al. Abortion associated with postpartum opportunistic bacterial invasion reduces fertility and induces disturbances of reproductive hormones, hematological profile, and oxidant/antioxidant profiles in dairy cows. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2023. doi: 10.5455/javar.2023.j721.
82. Dovolou E, Giannoulis T, Nanas I, Amiridis GS. Heat Stress: A Serious Disruptor of the Reproductive Physiology of Dairy Cows. Animals. 2023;13(11):1846. doi: 10.3390/ani13111846.
83. Saint-Dizier M, Chastant-Maillard S. Potential of connected devices to optimize cattle reproduction. Theriogenology. 2018;112:53–62. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.09.033.
84. Bell MJ, Roberts DJ. The impact of uterine infection on a dairy cow’s performance. Theriogenology. 2007;68(7):1074–9. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.08.010.
85. Abdisa T. Review on the Reproductive Health Problem of Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Vet Sci. 2018. doi: 10.19080/jdvs.2018.05.555655.
86. Khokon MSI, Azizunnesa, Islam MM, Chowdhury KB, Rahman ML, Ali MZ. Effect of mastitis on post-partum conception of cross bred dairy cows in Chittagong district of Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2017;4(2):155–60. doi: 10.5455/javar.2017.d203.
87. Pinedo PJ, Velez JS, Bothe H, Merchan D, Piñeiro JM, Risco CA. Effect of intrauterine infusion of an organic-certified product on uterine health, survival, and fertility of dairy cows with toxic puerperal metritis. J Dairy Sci. 2015. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8944.
88. Carneiro LC, Ferreira AF, Padua M, Saut JP, Ferraudo AS, dos Santos RM. Incidence of subclinical
endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows. Trop Anim
Health Prod. 2014;46(8):1435–9. doi: 10.1007/s11250-014-0661-y.
89. Mahnani A, Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi A, Ansari-Mahyari S, Ghorbani GR. Assessing the consequences
and economic impact of retained placenta in Holstein dairy cattle. Theriogenology. 2021;175:61
8. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.036.
90. Ihsanullah, Qureshi MS, Akhtar S, Suhail SM. Seasonal stress affects reproductive and lactation
traits in dairy cattle with various levels of exotic blood and parities under subtropical condition. Pak
J Zool. 2020;52(1):147–55. doi: 10.17582/journal.pjz/2020.52.1.147.155.
91. Houssou H, Bensalem M, Belhouchet H, Hezam HE, Khenenou T. Genetic and non-genetic factors
affecting dystocia in cattle, Algeria. Genet Biodivers J. 2023;7(1):88–94.
92. Warner D, et al. Development of a benchmarking tool for dairy herd management using routinely
collected herd records. Animals. 2020;10(9):1–12. doi: 10.3390/ani10091689.
93. Ealy AD, Aréchiga CF, Bray DR, Risco CA, Hansen PJ. Effectiveness of short-term cooling and vitamin E for alleviation of infertility induced by heat stress in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1994;77(12):3601–7. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77304-5.
94. Wolfenson D, Roth Z. Impact of heat stress on cow reproduction and fertility. Anim Front. 2019;9(1):32–8. doi: 10.1093/af/vfy027.
95. Flamenbaum I, Galon N. Management of heat stress to improve fertility in dairy cows in Israel. J Reprod Dev. 2010;56(Suppl):S36–41. doi: 10.1262/jrd.1056S36.
96. Sanderson MW, Gnad DP. Biosecurity for reproductive diseases. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2002;18(1):79–98. doi: 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00003-8.
97. Girma F, Gebremariam B. Review on effect of stress on production and reproduction of dairy cattle. J Sci Innov Res. 2019;8(1):29–32.
98. Das S, Shaji A, Nain D, Singha S, Karunakaran M, Baithalu RK. Precision technologies for the
management of reproduction in dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2023;55(5):286.
99. Conlin BJ. Use of records in managing for good lactational and reproductive performance. J Dairy Sci. 1974;57(3):377–85.
100. Soltan MA. Effect of dietary chromium supplementation on productive and reproductive performance of early lactating dairy cows under heat stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2010;94(2):264–72.
101. Shahsavari A, D’Occhio MJ, Al Jassim R. The role of rumen-protected choline in hepatic function and performance of transition dairy cows. Br J Nutr. 2016;116(1):35-44. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516001641.
102. Schoenberg KM, Overton TR. Effects of plane of nutrition and 2,4-thiazolidinedione on insulin responses and adipose tissue gene expression in dairy cattle during late gestation. J Dairy Sci. 2011;94(12):6021–35.
103. Manriquez D, Chen L, Melendez P, Pinedo P. The effect of an organic rumen-protected fat supplement on performance, metabolic status, and health of dairy cows. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15:1–14.
104. Panda S, Panda N, Panigrahy KK, Gupta SK, Mishra SP, Laishram M. Role of niacin supplementation in dairy cattle: A review. Asian J Dairy Food Res. 2017;36(2):93–9. doi: 10.18805/ajdfr.v36i02.7949.
105. Formigoni A, et al. Effect of propylene glycol supplementation around parturition on milk yield, reproduction performance and some hormonal and metabolic characteristics in dairy cows. J Dairy Res. 1996;63(1):11–24.
106. Gilbreath KR, Bazer FW, Satterfield MC, Wu G. Amino Acid Nutrition and Reproductive Performance in Ruminants. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1285:43–61. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_4.
107. BenSouf I, et al. Use of Natural Biomolecules in Animal Feed to Enhance Livestock Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(5):2328.
108. Allison RD, Laven RA. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on the health and fertility of dairy cows: A review. Vet Rec. 2000;147(25):703–8. doi: 10.1136/vr.147.25.703.
109. Chen F, et al. Rectifying cow infertility under heat stress by immunization against inhibin and supplementation of progesterone. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2022;80:106726. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106726.
110. Dobriyal N, Rizvi SI, Kumar M. Stem cell technology: application in animal health and livestock production. In: Emerging Issues in Climate Smart Livestock Production. Elsevier; 2022. p. 449–72.
111. Giordano JO, Sitko EM, Rial C, Pérez MM, Granados GE. Symposium review: Use of multiple biological, management, and performance data for the design of targeted reproductive management strategies for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2022; doi: 10.3168/jds.2021-21476.
112. Seifi HA, Kia S. Subclinical Hypocalcemia in Dairy Cows: Pathophysiology, Consequences and Monitoring. Iran J Vet Sci Technol. 2018;9(2):1–15.
113. Zobel R, Tkalčić S. Efficacy of Ozone and Other Treatment Modalities for Retained Placenta in Dairy Cows. Reprod Domest Anim. 2013;48(1):121-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02041.x.
114. Juli MSB, et al. A systematic review of predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers for detecting reproductive diseases in cattle using traditional and omics approaches. J Reprod Immunol. 2024;165:104315. doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104315.
115. Quintela LA, et al. Use of Ultrasound in the Reproductive Management of Dairy Cattle. Reprod Domest Anim. 2012;47(Suppl 3):34–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02032.x.
116. Long CR, Tessanne KJ, Golding MC. Applications of RNA interference-based gene silencing in animal agriculture. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2009;22(1):47–58.
117. Hills JL, Wales WJ, Dunshea FR, Garcia SC, Roche JR. Invited review: An evaluation of the likely effects of individualized feeding of concentrate supplements to pasture-based dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2015; doi: 10.3168/jds.2014–8475.
118. Wadood AA, Bordbar F, Zhang X. Integrating omics approaches in livestock biotechnology: innovations in production and reproductive efficiency. Front Anim Sci. 2025;6:1551244. doi: 0.3389/fanim.2025.1551244.
119. Lucy MC, McDougall S, Nation DP. The use of hormonal treatments to improve the reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows in feedlot or pasture-based management systems. Anim Reprod Sci. 2004;82–83:495–512. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.05.004.
120. Caraviello DZ, et al. Analysis of reproductive performance of lactating cows on large dairy farms using machine learning algorithms. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89(12):4703–22.

Not A Member?

Initiatives

Guidelines For

Track your Manuscript

Help

Contact Us

Corporate Office

JournalsPub
An Imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt Ltd
A-118, 1st Floor, Sector-63, Noida, U.P. India,
Pin-201301
(Tel) (+91) 0120- 4781 200
(Mob) (+91) 9810078958, +919667725932
E-mail: [email protected]

Disclaimer

Password Reset

The instructions to reset your password are sent to the email address you provided. If you did not receive the email, please check your spam folder as well

WEBSITE DISCLAIMER

Last updated: 2025-07-04

The information provided by Journalspub (“Company”, “we”, “our”, “us”) on https://journalspub.com/ (the “Site”) is for general informational purposes only. All information on the Site is provided in good faith, however, we make no representation or warranty of any kind, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, adequacy, validity, reliability, availability, or completeness of any information on the Site.

UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCE SHALL WE HAVE ANY LIABILITY TO YOU FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE OF ANY KIND INCURRED AS A RESULT OF THE USE OF THE SITE OR RELIANCE ON ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THE SITE. YOUR USE OF THE SITE AND YOUR RELIANCE ON ANY INFORMATION ON THE SITE IS SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK.

EXTERNAL LINKS DISCLAIMER

The Site may contain (or you may be sent through the Site) links to other websites or content belonging to or originating from third parties or links to websites and features. Such external links are not investigated, monitored, or checked for accuracy, adequacy, validity, reliability, availability, or completeness by us.

WE DO NOT WARRANT, ENDORSE, GUARANTEE, OR ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ACCURACY OR RELIABILITY OF ANY INFORMATION OFFERED BY THIRD-PARTY WEBSITES LINKED THROUGH THE SITE OR ANY WEBSITE OR FEATURE LINKED IN ANY BANNER OR OTHER ADVERTISING. WE WILL NOT BE A PARTY TO OR IN ANY WAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR MONITORING ANY TRANSACTION BETWEEN YOU AND THIRD-PARTY PROVIDERS OF PRODUCTS OR SERVICES.

PROFESSIONAL DISCLAIMER

The Site can not and does not contain medical advice. The information is provided for general informational and educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Accordingly, before taking any actions based on such information, we encourage you to consult with the appropriate professionals. We do not provide any kind of medical advice.

Content published on https://journalspub.com/ is intended to be used and must be used for informational purposes only. It is very important to do your analysis before making any decision based on your circumstances. You should take independent medical advice from a professional or independently research and verify any information that you find on our Website and wish to rely upon.

THE USE OR RELIANCE OF ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED ON THIS SITE IS SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK.

AFFILIATES DISCLAIMER

The Site may contain links to affiliate websites, and we may receive an affiliate commission for any purchases or actions made by you on the affiliate websites using such links.

TESTIMONIALS DISCLAIMER

The Site may contain testimonials by users of our products and/or services. These testimonials reflect the real-life experiences and opinions of such users. However, the experiences are personal to those particular users, and may not necessarily be representative of all users of our products and/or services. We do not claim, and you should not assume that all users will have the same experiences.

YOUR RESULTS MAY VARY.

The testimonials on the Site are submitted in various forms such as text, audio, and/or video, and are reviewed by us before being posted. They appear on the Site verbatim as given by the users, except for the correction of grammar or typing errors. Some testimonials may have been shortened for the sake of brevity, where the full testimonial contained extraneous information not relevant to the general public.

The views and opinions contained in the testimonials belong solely to the individual user and do not reflect our views and opinions.

ERRORS AND OMISSIONS DISCLAIMER

While we have made every attempt to ensure that the information contained in this site has been obtained from reliable sources, Journalspub is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of this information. All information on this site is provided “as is”, with no guarantee of completeness, accuracy, timeliness, or of the results obtained from the use of this information, and without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including, but not limited to warranties of performance, merchantability, and fitness for a particular purpose.

In no event will Journalpub, its related partnerships or corporations, or the partners, agents, or employees thereof be liable to you or anyone else for any decision made or action taken in reliance on the information in this Site or for any consequential, special or similar damages, even if advised of the possibility of such damages.

GUEST CONTRIBUTORS DISCLAIMER

This Site may include content from guest contributors and any views or opinions expressed in such posts are personal and do not represent those of Journalspub or any of its staff or affiliates unless explicitly stated.

LOGOS AND TRADEMARKS DISCLAIMER

All logos and trademarks of third parties referenced on journalspub.com are the trademarks and logos of their respective owners. Any inclusion of such trademarks or logos does not imply or constitute any approval, endorsement, or sponsorship of STM Journals by such owners.

Use of AI Tools in Blog Content

Some of the blog posts published on this website are created with the assistance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools. While efforts are made to review and edit the content for accuracy and appropriateness, there may still be instances where unintended, unnecessary, or unverified information or claims appear.Readers are advised to use their discretion while interpreting the content. The primary purpose of using AI-generated content is to provide our audience with the most recent, diverse, and wide-ranging information on various topics. The content is intended to inform and engage, not to mislead.All external links included in the blogs are intended to guide users to real and authentic workshops, programs, or resources. The information presented through those links is curated and verified to the best of our knowledge.This disclaimer is meant to inform visitors about the use of AI in content creation, acknowledge potential limitations in content accuracy, and encourage informed and responsible reading.

CONTACT US

Should you have any feedback, comments, requests for technical support, or other inquiries, please contact us by email: [email protected].