The utilization of groundnut shell particles as a sustainable and economical filler in composite materials has garnered significant interest in recent years. This manuscript presents an in-depth analysis of the chemical processes involved in synthesizing groundnut shell-based composites, with a focus on the treatment and modification of the particles to enhance their compatibility and functional properties. The study investigates various chemical reactions, including acid and alkali treatments, aimed at altering the surface characteristics of groundnut shell particles. To create composites with better mechanical and thermal properties, these treatments are crucial for strengthening the interfacial interaction between the particles and the polymer matrix. The acid treatment involves the removal of impurities and lignin from the particle surface, thereby exposing more reactive sites that facilitate better bonding with the matrix. Similarly, alkali treatment enhances the particle surface roughness, increasing adhesion and matrix compatibility. This manuscript delves into the reaction mechanisms behind these treatments, providing insights into the structural and chemical transformations that occur. The role of different concentrations and conditions for these chemical treatments is also discussed to optimize the modification process for the best composite performance. Additionally, the synthesis process is detailed, demonstrating how the chemically modified groundnut shell particles are integrated into various composite matrices. It is assessed how various treatments affect mechanical attributes as heat stability, tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results reveal that chemical modifications significantly improve the performance of groundnut shell composites, making them viable alternatives for a range of applications, including automotive, construction, and packaging industries.

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1. Kullayappa M, Bharathreddy CS, Bharathiraja G, Vijayarangan J. Investigation on fracture toughness of treated hybrid particulate reinforced polyester composite. Int J Pure Appl Math. 2018;119(12):15677–15686.
2. Egbe EAP, Onuoha DC. Effects of weight fraction and soaking temperature on mechanical properties of groundnut shell ash reinforced epoxy composite. SSRG Int J Mech Eng. 2016;3(6):1.
3. Veerendra BGS, Kumar UA. Evaluation of mechanical properties of groundnut shell and date palm powder reinforced polymer composite. Int J Res. 2017;4(14):4868.
4. Sachdev D, Shrivastava H, Sharma S, Srivastava S, Tadepalli S, Bhullar NK, et al. Potential for hydrothermally separated groundnut shell fibers for removal of methylene blue dye. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021;48:1559–1568. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.466.
5. Daud NM, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Ismail N’, Dhokhikah Y. Integrated physical-biological treatment system for Batik industry wastewater: A review on process selection. Sci Total Env. 2022;819:152931. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152931.
6. Lun YE, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Kurniawan SB, Imron MF, et al. Integrated emergent-floating planted reactor for textile effluent: Removal potential, optimization of operational conditions and potential forthcoming waste management strategy. J Env Manage. 2022;311:114832. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114832.
7. Sulthonuddin I, Herdiansyah H. Sustainability of Batik wastewater quality management strategies: Analytical hierarchy process. Appl Water Sci. 2021;11:31. doi: 10.1007/s13201-021-01360-1.
8. Sutisna S, Wibowo E, Rokhmat M, Rahman DY, Murniati R, Khairurrijal, et al. Batik wastewater treatment using TiO2 nanoparticles coated on the surface of the plastic sheet. Proc Eng. 2017;170:78–83. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.015.
9. Ismail T, Wiyantoro LS, Meutia MM. Strategy, Interactive control system and national culture: a case study of the Batik industry in Indonesia. Proc Soc Behav Sci. 2012;65:33–38. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.087.
10. Azha SF, Ismail S. Feasible and economical treatment of real hand-drawn Batik/textile effluent using zwitterionic adsorbent coating: Removal performance and industrial application approach. J Water Process Eng. 2021;41:102093. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102093.
11. Birgani PM, Ranjbar N, Abdullah RC, Wong KT, Lee G, Ibrahim S, et al. An efficient and economical treatment for Batik textile wastewater containing high levels of silicate and organic pollutants using a sequential process of acidification, magnesium oxide, and palm shell-based activated carbon application. J Env Manage. 2016;184(Pt 2):229–239. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.066.
12. Kusumawati N, Rahmadyanti E, Sianita MM. Batik became two sides of blade for the sustainable development in Indonesia. Advances in green and sustainable chemistry. In: Green chemistry and water remediation: Research and applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2021. pp. 59–97. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-817742-6.00003-7.
13. Sareena C, Sreejith M, Ramesan M, Purushothaman E. Biodegradation behaviour of natural rubber composites reinforced with natural resource fillers-monitoring by soil burial test. J Reinf Plast Compos. 2014;33(5):416–433. doi: 10.1177/0731684413515954.
14. Jain M, Yadav M, Kohout T, Lahtinen M, Garg VK, Sillanpää M. Development of iron oxide/activated carbon nanoparticle composite for the removal of Cr(vi), Cu(ii) and Cd(ii) ions from aqueous solution. Water Resour Ind. 2018;20:54–74. doi: 10.1016/j.wri.2018.10.001.
15. Roto R. Surface modification of Fe3O4 as magnetic adsorbents for recovery of precious metals. Adv Surf Eng Res IntechOpen. 2018;127–145. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.79586.

The utilization of groundnut shell particles as a sustainable and economical filler in composite materials has garnered significant interest in recent years. This manuscript presents an in-depth analysis of the chemical processes involved in synthesizing groundnut shell-based composites, with a focus on the treatment and modification of the particles to enhance their compatibility and functional properties. The study investigates various chemical reactions, including acid and alkali treatments, aimed at altering the surface characteristics of groundnut shell particles. To create composites with better mechanical and thermal properties, these treatments are crucial for strengthening the interfacial interaction between the particles and the polymer matrix. The acid treatment involves the removal of impurities and lignin from the particle surface, thereby exposing more reactive sites that facilitate better bonding with the matrix. Similarly, alkali treatment enhances the particle surface roughness, increasing adhesion and matrix compatibility. This manuscript delves into the reaction mechanisms behind these treatments, providing insights into the structural and chemical transformations that occur. The role of different concentrations and conditions for these chemical treatments is also discussed to optimize the modification process for the best composite performance. Additionally, the synthesis process is detailed, demonstrating how the chemically modified groundnut shell particles are integrated into various composite matrices. It is assessed how various treatments affect mechanical attributes as heat stability, tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results reveal that chemical modifications significantly improve the performance of groundnut shell composites, making them viable alternatives for a range of applications, including automotive, construction, and packaging industries.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Kullayappa M, Bharathreddy CS, Bharathiraja G, Vijayarangan J. Investigation on fracture toughness of treated hybrid particulate reinforced polyester composite. Int J Pure Appl Math. 2018;119(12):15677–15686.
2. Egbe EAP, Onuoha DC. Effects of weight fraction and soaking temperature on mechanical properties of groundnut shell ash reinforced epoxy composite. SSRG Int J Mech Eng. 2016;3(6):1.
3. Veerendra BGS, Kumar UA. Evaluation of mechanical properties of groundnut shell and date palm powder reinforced polymer composite. Int J Res. 2017;4(14):4868.
4. Sachdev D, Shrivastava H, Sharma S, Srivastava S, Tadepalli S, Bhullar NK, et al. Potential for hydrothermally separated groundnut shell fibers for removal of methylene blue dye. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021;48:1559–1568. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.466.
5. Daud NM, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Ismail N’, Dhokhikah Y. Integrated physical-biological treatment system for Batik industry wastewater: A review on process selection. Sci Total Env. 2022;819:152931. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152931.
6. Lun YE, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Kurniawan SB, Imron MF, et al. Integrated emergent-floating planted reactor for textile effluent: Removal potential, optimization of operational conditions and potential forthcoming waste management strategy. J Env Manage. 2022;311:114832. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114832.
7. Sulthonuddin I, Herdiansyah H. Sustainability of Batik wastewater quality management strategies: Analytical hierarchy process. Appl Water Sci. 2021;11:31. doi: 10.1007/s13201-021-01360-1.
8. Sutisna S, Wibowo E, Rokhmat M, Rahman DY, Murniati R, Khairurrijal, et al. Batik wastewater treatment using TiO2 nanoparticles coated on the surface of the plastic sheet. Proc Eng. 2017;170:78–83. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.015.
9. Ismail T, Wiyantoro LS, Meutia MM. Strategy, Interactive control system and national culture: a case study of the Batik industry in Indonesia. Proc Soc Behav Sci. 2012;65:33–38. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.087.
10. Azha SF, Ismail S. Feasible and economical treatment of real hand-drawn Batik/textile effluent using zwitterionic adsorbent coating: Removal performance and industrial application approach. J Water Process Eng. 2021;41:102093. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102093.
11. Birgani PM, Ranjbar N, Abdullah RC, Wong KT, Lee G, Ibrahim S, et al. An efficient and economical treatment for Batik textile wastewater containing high levels of silicate and organic pollutants using a sequential process of acidification, magnesium oxide, and palm shell-based activated carbon application. J Env Manage. 2016;184(Pt 2):229–239. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.066.
12. Kusumawati N, Rahmadyanti E, Sianita MM. Batik became two sides of blade for the sustainable development in Indonesia. Advances in green and sustainable chemistry. In: Green chemistry and water remediation: Research and applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2021. pp. 59–97. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-817742-6.00003-7.
13. Sareena C, Sreejith M, Ramesan M, Purushothaman E. Biodegradation behaviour of natural rubber composites reinforced with natural resource fillers-monitoring by soil burial test. J Reinf Plast Compos. 2014;33(5):416–433. doi: 10.1177/0731684413515954.
14. Jain M, Yadav M, Kohout T, Lahtinen M, Garg VK, Sillanpää M. Development of iron oxide/activated carbon nanoparticle composite for the removal of Cr(vi), Cu(ii) and Cd(ii) ions from aqueous solution. Water Resour Ind. 2018;20:54–74. doi: 10.1016/j.wri.2018.10.001.
15. Roto R. Surface modification of Fe3O4 as magnetic adsorbents for recovery of precious metals. Adv Surf Eng Res IntechOpen. 2018;127–145. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.79586.