Bodo Creek has huge importance to the people in the area and also constitute their source of fishing, boating, dredging, and transportation to Bonny Island among other neighbouring coastal communities in Rivers State. Water contamination is a significant issue, but it has also brought up important environmental and public health concerns. The weighted arithmetic water quality index approach was used in this work to determine the Water Quality Index (WQI) of Bodo Creek, Niger Delta. Twelve water quality parameters, including temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen ion concentration, electrical conductivity, sulphate, phosphate, chlorides, alkalinity, biological oxygen demand, and ammonia, were measured in water samples taken from five stations between April 2017 and May 2018. The findings show that water quality has been severely deteriorated by organic pollution, making it unfit for human consumption. Restoring the natural balance of the creek depends on locating the sources of pollution and putting remediation plans into action. The results give environmental organizations and legislators important information to help them create plans for managing water resources sustainably. The study assesses the water quality of Bodo Creek, Nigeria, using the Water Quality Index (WQI). Findings reveal severe pollution, primarily from oil spills, making the water unsuitable for human use. The research highlights ecological risks and health concerns, emphasizing the need for urgent pollution control and sustainable water management.

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1. Alcamo J. Water quality and its interlinkages with the Sustainable Development Goals. Current opinion in environmental sustainability. 2019 Feb 1; 36:126-40.
2. Gitau MW, Chen J, Ma Z. Water quality indices as tools for decision making and management. Water resources management. 2016 Jun;30:2591-610.
3. Nduka JK, Orisakwe OE. Water-quality issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: a look at heavy metal levels and some physicochemical properties. Environmental science and pollution research. 2011 Feb;18:237-46.
4. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization; 2002.
5. Hou W, Sun S, Wang M, Li X, Zhang N, Xin X, Sun L, Li W, Jia R. Assessing water quality of five typical reservoirs in lower reaches of Yellow River, China: using a water quality index method. Ecological indicators. 2016 Feb 1; 61:309-16.
6. Kpikpi PB, Bubu-Davies OA. Evaluation of water quality index in some artificial aquatic environments in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews. 2021;1(3):013-21.
7. Gazzaz NM, Yusoff MK, Aris AZ, Juahir H, Ramli MF. Artificial neural network modeling of the water quality index for Kinta River (Malaysia) using water quality variables as predictors. Marine pollution bulletin. 2012 Nov 1;64(11):2409-20.
8. Ismail AH, Robescu D. Assessment of water quality of the Danube river using water quality indices technique. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 2019 Aug 1;18(8):1727-37.
9. Effendi H. River water quality preliminary rapid assessment using pollution index. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2016 Jan 1; 33:562-7.
10. Banda TD, Kumarasamy MV. Development of Water Quality Indices (WQIs): A Review. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2020 May 1;29(3).
11. Ochuko U, Thaddeus O, Oghenero OA, John EE. A comparative assessment of water quality index (WQI) and suitability of river Ase for domestic water supply in urban and rural communities in Southern Nigeria. Int J Human Soc Sci. 2014;4(1):234-45.
12. Calmuc VA, Calmuc M, Țopa MC, Timofti M, Iticescu C, Georgescu LP. Various methods for calculating the water quality index. Annals of the University "Dănărea de Jos" from Galati. Fascicle II, Mathematics, physics, theoretical mechanics/Annals of the "Lower Danube" University of Galati. Fascicle II, Mathematics, Physics, Theoretical Mechanics. 2018 Nov 21;41(2):171-8.
13. Chowdhury MD, Billah T, Rahman MR, Bakri MK, Barua S, Morshed AJ, Uddin E, Uddin MM. Evaluation of Water Quality Indexes and Heavy Metal Pollution Indexes of Different Industrial Effluents and Karnaphuli River Water in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Environmental Quality Management. 2024 Sep;34(1):e22290.
14. Teodorof L, Ene A, Burada A, Despina C, Seceleanu-Odor D, Trifanov C, Ibram O, Bratfanof E, Tudor MI, Tudor M, Cernisencu I. Integrated assessment of surface water quality in Danube River Chilia Branch. Applied Sciences. 2021 Oct 2;11(19): 1-15.
15. Akter T, Jhohura FT, Akter F, Chowdhury TR, Mistry SK, Dey D, Barua MK, Islam MA, Rahman M. Water Quality Index for measuring drinking water quality in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2016 Dec;35:1-2.
16. Tyagi S, Sarma K. Tracing the land use specific impacts on groundwater quality: a chemometric, information entropy WQI and health risk assessment study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2024 Apr 12:1-24.
17. Brown RM, McClelland NI, Deininger RA, Tozer RG. A water quality index-do we dare. Water and sewage work. 1970 Oct;117(10): 339-343
18. Cude CG. Oregon water quality index a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 2001 Feb;37(1):125-37.
19. Uddin MG, Moniruzzaman M, Khan M. Evaluation of groundwater quality using CCME water quality index in the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant Area, Ishwardi, Pabna, Bangladesh. American Journal of Environmental Protection. 2017;5(2):33-43.
20. Hart AI, Zabbey N. Physico-chemistry and benthic fauna of Woji Creek in the Lower Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environment and Ecology. 2005;23(2):361-8.

Bodo Creek has huge importance to the people in the area and also constitute their source of fishing, boating, dredging, and transportation to Bonny Island among other neighbouring coastal communities in Rivers State. Water contamination is a significant issue, but it has also brought up important environmental and public health concerns. The weighted arithmetic water quality index approach was used in this work to determine the Water Quality Index (WQI) of Bodo Creek, Niger Delta. Twelve water quality parameters, including temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen ion concentration, electrical conductivity, sulphate, phosphate, chlorides, alkalinity, biological oxygen demand, and ammonia, were measured in water samples taken from five stations between April 2017 and May 2018. The findings show that water quality has been severely deteriorated by organic pollution, making it unfit for human consumption. Restoring the natural balance of the creek depends on locating the sources of pollution and putting remediation plans into action. The results give environmental organizations and legislators important information to help them create plans for managing water resources sustainably. The study assesses the water quality of Bodo Creek, Nigeria, using the Water Quality Index (WQI). Findings reveal severe pollution, primarily from oil spills, making the water unsuitable for human use. The research highlights ecological risks and health concerns, emphasizing the need for urgent pollution control and sustainable water management.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Alcamo J. Water quality and its interlinkages with the Sustainable Development Goals. Current opinion in environmental sustainability. 2019 Feb 1; 36:126-40.
2. Gitau MW, Chen J, Ma Z. Water quality indices as tools for decision making and management. Water resources management. 2016 Jun;30:2591-610.
3. Nduka JK, Orisakwe OE. Water-quality issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: a look at heavy metal levels and some physicochemical properties. Environmental science and pollution research. 2011 Feb;18:237-46.
4. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization; 2002.
5. Hou W, Sun S, Wang M, Li X, Zhang N, Xin X, Sun L, Li W, Jia R. Assessing water quality of five typical reservoirs in lower reaches of Yellow River, China: using a water quality index method. Ecological indicators. 2016 Feb 1; 61:309-16.
6. Kpikpi PB, Bubu-Davies OA. Evaluation of water quality index in some artificial aquatic environments in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews. 2021;1(3):013-21.
7. Gazzaz NM, Yusoff MK, Aris AZ, Juahir H, Ramli MF. Artificial neural network modeling of the water quality index for Kinta River (Malaysia) using water quality variables as predictors. Marine pollution bulletin. 2012 Nov 1;64(11):2409-20.
8. Ismail AH, Robescu D. Assessment of water quality of the Danube river using water quality indices technique. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 2019 Aug 1;18(8):1727-37.
9. Effendi H. River water quality preliminary rapid assessment using pollution index. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2016 Jan 1; 33:562-7.
10. Banda TD, Kumarasamy MV. Development of Water Quality Indices (WQIs): A Review. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2020 May 1;29(3).
11. Ochuko U, Thaddeus O, Oghenero OA, John EE. A comparative assessment of water quality index (WQI) and suitability of river Ase for domestic water supply in urban and rural communities in Southern Nigeria. Int J Human Soc Sci. 2014;4(1):234-45.
12. Calmuc VA, Calmuc M, Țopa MC, Timofti M, Iticescu C, Georgescu LP. Various methods for calculating the water quality index. Annals of the University "Dănărea de Jos" from Galati. Fascicle II, Mathematics, physics, theoretical mechanics/Annals of the "Lower Danube" University of Galati. Fascicle II, Mathematics, Physics, Theoretical Mechanics. 2018 Nov 21;41(2):171-8.
13. Chowdhury MD, Billah T, Rahman MR, Bakri MK, Barua S, Morshed AJ, Uddin E, Uddin MM. Evaluation of Water Quality Indexes and Heavy Metal Pollution Indexes of Different Industrial Effluents and Karnaphuli River Water in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Environmental Quality Management. 2024 Sep;34(1):e22290.
14. Teodorof L, Ene A, Burada A, Despina C, Seceleanu-Odor D, Trifanov C, Ibram O, Bratfanof E, Tudor MI, Tudor M, Cernisencu I. Integrated assessment of surface water quality in Danube River Chilia Branch. Applied Sciences. 2021 Oct 2;11(19): 1-15.
15. Akter T, Jhohura FT, Akter F, Chowdhury TR, Mistry SK, Dey D, Barua MK, Islam MA, Rahman M. Water Quality Index for measuring drinking water quality in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2016 Dec;35:1-2.
16. Tyagi S, Sarma K. Tracing the land use specific impacts on groundwater quality: a chemometric, information entropy WQI and health risk assessment study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2024 Apr 12:1-24.
17. Brown RM, McClelland NI, Deininger RA, Tozer RG. A water quality index-do we dare. Water and sewage work. 1970 Oct;117(10): 339-343
18. Cude CG. Oregon water quality index a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 2001 Feb;37(1):125-37.
19. Uddin MG, Moniruzzaman M, Khan M. Evaluation of groundwater quality using CCME water quality index in the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant Area, Ishwardi, Pabna, Bangladesh. American Journal of Environmental Protection. 2017;5(2):33-43.
20. Hart AI, Zabbey N. Physico-chemistry and benthic fauna of Woji Creek in the Lower Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environment and Ecology. 2005;23(2):361-8.