Abstract
The growing demand for cleaner and more efficient internal combustion engines has driven extensive
research into advanced combustion methods, among which Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC)
strategies have emerged as a highly promising area. LTC offers a unique approach to engine
combustion by lowering the peak temperatures within the combustion chamber, thereby significantly
reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) – two major pollutants
associated with traditional engine designs. Importantly, LTC systems achieve these emission reductions
while maintaining, or even enhancing, thermal efficiency, making them attractive for both light-duty
and heavy-duty engine applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent
developments in LTC technologies and their potential for powering next-generation engines. The article
places particular emphasis on three key LTC strategies: Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
(HCCI), Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI), and Reactivity Controlled Compression
Ignition (RCCI). Each of these modes employs a distinct approach to fuel-air mixing and ignition
control, offering various benefits and challenges. For instance, HCCI provides excellent emission
performance but suffers from limited controllability, while RCCI offers improved control through dualfuel
reactivity management. In addition to combustion strategies, the review explores recent progress
in fuel innovation, including the use of alternative fuels, like ethanol, biodiesel, and gasoline-diesel
blends, which enhance LTC performance. Advanced control technologies, such as variable valve
actuation, cylinder pressure-based feedback, and machine learning-based combustion modeling are
also examined as enablers for real-time combustion optimization. Moreover, the paper addresses
technical and operational challenges, including cold start issues, narrow load ranges, and fuel
compatibility concerns. It concludes by discussing future research directions aimed at expanding LTC
applicability, improving engine design, and facilitating its integration with hybrid systems. These efforts
collectively aim to ensure that LTC becomes a viable cornerstone of future sustainable mobility
solutions.

Keywords:Low-temperature combustion, HCCI, PCCI, RCCI, emission control, dual-fuel engines, next-generation engines, sustainable transport

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Abstract
The growing demand for cleaner and more efficient internal combustion engines has driven extensive
research into advanced combustion methods, among which Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC)
strategies have emerged as a highly promising area. LTC offers a unique approach to engine
combustion by lowering the peak temperatures within the combustion chamber, thereby significantly
reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) – two major pollutants
associated with traditional engine designs. Importantly, LTC systems achieve these emission reductions
while maintaining, or even enhancing, thermal efficiency, making them attractive for both light-duty
and heavy-duty engine applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent
developments in LTC technologies and their potential for powering next-generation engines. The article
places particular emphasis on three key LTC strategies: Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
(HCCI), Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI), and Reactivity Controlled Compression
Ignition (RCCI). Each of these modes employs a distinct approach to fuel-air mixing and ignition
control, offering various benefits and challenges. For instance, HCCI provides excellent emission
performance but suffers from limited controllability, while RCCI offers improved control through dualfuel
reactivity management. In addition to combustion strategies, the review explores recent progress
in fuel innovation, including the use of alternative fuels, like ethanol, biodiesel, and gasoline-diesel
blends, which enhance LTC performance. Advanced control technologies, such as variable valve
actuation, cylinder pressure-based feedback, and machine learning-based combustion modeling are
also examined as enablers for real-time combustion optimization. Moreover, the paper addresses
technical and operational challenges, including cold start issues, narrow load ranges, and fuel
compatibility concerns. It concludes by discussing future research directions aimed at expanding LTC
applicability, improving engine design, and facilitating its integration with hybrid systems. These efforts
collectively aim to ensure that LTC becomes a viable cornerstone of future sustainable mobility
solutions.

Keywords:Low-temperature combustion, HCCI, PCCI, RCCI, emission control, dual-fuel engines, next-generation engines, sustainable transport

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.