Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels

P. K. Mandal

Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels

P. K. Mandal | International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys | Vol 11, Issue 02 | pp. 1-14 | ISSN: 2456-5113

Abstract

The microalloyed (MA) forging steels have been developed over the past several decades and they are gradually employed in the high-performance applications in many structural, automotive, and numerous engineering applications. The principle of microalloying contents in the Fe–C alloy system, thereby preferably combined with different mechanical, heat treatment, and microalloying solubility control the precipitation behaviors that lead to enormous opportunities to develop a new generation of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels. Although, alloy chemistry is unexpectedly favorable for preserving high strength and toughness to encourage alloy development point of views, whereas mild C, low S and low P, and valuable minor elements (Cr, Mo, Ni, Cu, and Co) are highly appreciable to enhance mechanical properties. The MA steels rods were cast through melting route and subsequently hot forged then normalized at 950^oC and 1100^oC, respectively, and then tempered at 600^oC to attain optimum hardness of 220HV. Specially, niobium (Nb) offers substantial precipitation strengthening on deformed austenite substructure and suppressing recrystallization, thereby refining the final microstructures and mechanical properties of niobium content MA steels have been investigated and major solubility influenced the precipitating compounds, such as NbC, V (C, N), or TiN, etc. The optimum mechanical properties were obtained after normalizing treatment from 1100^oC then immediately fast airdraft cooled likely to YS of 520 MPa, UTS of 660 MPa, ductility of 39.92%, RA of 45.24%, and notable impact energy achieved optimum at room temperature (RT) of 196 J/cm² and cryogenic treatment (CT) at –20^oC of 60 J/cm², respectively.

Keywords: Impact energy, mechanical properties, MA steels, Niobium, precipitation strengthening, mechanical properties

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References

Villalobos JC, Del-Pozo A, Campillo B, Mayen J, Serna S. Metals. 2018;8:351. p. 1–49.
Battacharjee D. Tecnol Metal Mater Miner. 2014;11(4):371–83.
Huang S, Li Z, Tang H, Zeng Z, Shi Y, Li C. Sci Rep. 2025;15:1–23.
Kostryzhev AG, Slater CD, Marenych OO, Davis CL. Sci Rep. 2016;6:1–7.
Mandal P, Chakrabarti D, Ray KK, Chakrabarti AK. Int J Cast Met Res. 2004;17(2):1–5.
Opiela M, Ozgowicz W. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng. 2012;55(2):759–71.
Kumar S, Nath SK. Int J Mater Metall Eng. 2014;8(9):1056–9.
Muszka K, Majta J, Bienias L. Metall Foundry Eng. 2006;32(2):87–97.
Lv Z, Ren X, Li Z, Lu Z, Gao M. Mater Res. 2015;18(2):304–12.
Li Y, Chen Y, Zhou X. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2020;2020:1–8.
Joseph JDJ, Aravindh C, Kannan PD, Dineshmuthu M, Kumar JJJ. Int J Eng Res Technol (IJERT). 2018;6(4):1–3.
Kane SF, Farland AL, Siewert TA, McCowan CN. Weld Res Suppl. 1999 Aug;292–8.
IIic A, Ivanovic L, Stojanovic B, Josifovic D, Desnica E. Appl Eng Lett. 2018;3(3):98–104.
Gholap TA, Mohod SA. Int J Adv Res Sci Eng. 2015;4(9):140–9.
Haribalaji V, Boopathi S, Balamurugan S. Int J Innov Sci Res. 2014;12(1):170–9.
Sharma R, Singh V, Singh M. Int J Eng Dev Res. 2019;7(4):745–53.
Qaban A, Naher S. Int J Mech Prod Eng. 2019;7(5):53–6.
Mohrbacher H, Yang J-R, Chen Y-W, Rehrl J, Hebesbeger T. Metals. 2020;10:504. p. 1–17.
Ren J, Liu Z. Mater Sci Eng. 2019;611:1–8.
Huang S, Li W, Lu S, Tian F, Shen J, Holmstrom E, et al. Scr Mater. 2015;108:44–7.
Marynowski P, Hojny M, Debinski T. Arch Foundry Eng. 2023;23(4):127–36.
Liu X, Li T, Zhao C, Wang Y. AIP Adv. 2023;13:075317. p. 1–8.
Gupta RK, Mathew C, Ramkumar P. Front Aerosp Eng. 2015;4(1):1–13.
Guo Z, Sha W. Mater Trans. 2002;43:1273–82.
Godefroid LB, Sena BM, Filho VBT. Mater Res. 2016;2016:1–9.
Adamczyk J. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng. 2006;14(1–2):9–20.
Einkhah F, Rassizadehghani J, Najafidejdehmonfared H. Nanotechnol Appl. 2018;1(2):1–5.
Dua SK, Ray A, Sharma DS. Mater Sci Eng A. 2001;318:197–210.
Kawabata T, Tadano M, Izumi O. ISIJ Int. 1991;31(10):1161–7.
Raj A, Goswami B, Kumar SB, Ray AK. High Temp Mater Process. 2013;23(6):517–31.
Zhao J, Jiang Z, Lee CS. Mater Des. 2013;47:227–33.
Funakawa Y, Shiozaki T, Tomita K, Yamamoto T, Maeda E. ISIJ Int. 2004;44(11):1945–51.
Cota AB, Goncalves OFL, Barbosa AR, Lacerda CAM, Araujo FGS. Mater Res. 2003;6(2):117–21.
Liu D, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang Z, Zuo X. Metals. 2022;12:363. p. 1–15.
Yang L, Xing Y. Mater Res. 2022;25:1–9.
Rusz S, Cizek L, Filipec P, Pastrnak M. J Mater Manuf Eng. 2008;31(2):356–63.
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Ghosh A, Kundu S, Chakrabarti D. Scr Mater. 2014;81:8–11.
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El-Faramawy HS, Ghali SN, Eissa MM. J Miner Mater Charact Eng. 2012;11:1108–12.
Khodabandeh M, Jahazi M, Yue S, Bocher P. ISIJ Int. 2005;45(2):272–80.
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Ebrahimi GR, Arabshahi H. J Adv Res Mech Eng. 2010;1(4):182–7.
Babakhani A, Kiani-Rashid AR, Ziaei SMR. Mater Manuf Process. 2012;27(2):135–9.
Illescas S, Fernandez J, Asensio J, Sanchez-Soto M, Guilemany JM. Rev Metal. 2009;45(6):424–31.
Skubisz P, Lisiecki L, Skowronek T, Zak A, Zalecki W. Mater Technol. 2016;50(5):783–9.
Molinari A, Pellizzari M, Gialanella S, Straffelini G, Stiasny KH. J Mater Process Technol. 2001;118:350–5.
Xu X, Kumar P, Cao R, Ye Q, Chu Y, Tian Y, et al. Acta Mater. 2024;274:1–15.
Patil PI, Tated RG. In: Int Conf Comput Intell (ICCIA). 2012. p. 10–29.
Tenduwe OP, Sahu PK, Khunte PL, Kumar N. Int J Eng Res Appl. 2015;5(4 Pt 6):137–42.
Chen Y, Li Y, Zhou X, Tan F, Jiang Y. Mater Res Express. 2021;8:1–8.

How to cite this article

APA

Mandal, P. K. (2025). Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys, 11(02), 1-14.

MLA

Mandal, P. K.. “Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels.” International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys, vol. 11, no. 02, 2025, pp. 1-14.

Chicago

P. K. Mandal. “Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels.” International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys 11, no. 02 (2025): 1-14.

Vancouver

Mandal PK. Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys. 2025;11(02):1-14.

BibTeX

@article{MandalPK2025,
author = {P. K. Mandal},
title = {Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels},
journal = {International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {02},
pages = {1--14},
issn = {2456-5113},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijma/article=20723}
}

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P. K. Mandal | International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys | Vol 11, Issue 02 | pp. 1-14 | ISSN: 2456-5113

Abstract

Keywords: Impact energy, mechanical properties, MA steels, Niobium, precipitation strengthening, mechanical properties

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Villalobos JC, Del-Pozo A, Campillo B, Mayen J, Serna S. Metals. 2018;8:351. p. 1–49.
Battacharjee D. Tecnol Metal Mater Miner. 2014;11(4):371–83.
Huang S, Li Z, Tang H, Zeng Z, Shi Y, Li C. Sci Rep. 2025;15:1–23.
Kostryzhev AG, Slater CD, Marenych OO, Davis CL. Sci Rep. 2016;6:1–7.
Mandal P, Chakrabarti D, Ray KK, Chakrabarti AK. Int J Cast Met Res. 2004;17(2):1–5.
Opiela M, Ozgowicz W. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng. 2012;55(2):759–71.
Kumar S, Nath SK. Int J Mater Metall Eng. 2014;8(9):1056–9.
Muszka K, Majta J, Bienias L. Metall Foundry Eng. 2006;32(2):87–97.
Lv Z, Ren X, Li Z, Lu Z, Gao M. Mater Res. 2015;18(2):304–12.
Li Y, Chen Y, Zhou X. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2020;2020:1–8.
Joseph JDJ, Aravindh C, Kannan PD, Dineshmuthu M, Kumar JJJ. Int J Eng Res Technol (IJERT). 2018;6(4):1–3.
Kane SF, Farland AL, Siewert TA, McCowan CN. Weld Res Suppl. 1999 Aug;292–8.
IIic A, Ivanovic L, Stojanovic B, Josifovic D, Desnica E. Appl Eng Lett. 2018;3(3):98–104.
Gholap TA, Mohod SA. Int J Adv Res Sci Eng. 2015;4(9):140–9.
Haribalaji V, Boopathi S, Balamurugan S. Int J Innov Sci Res. 2014;12(1):170–9.
Sharma R, Singh V, Singh M. Int J Eng Dev Res. 2019;7(4):745–53.
Qaban A, Naher S. Int J Mech Prod Eng. 2019;7(5):53–6.
Mohrbacher H, Yang J-R, Chen Y-W, Rehrl J, Hebesbeger T. Metals. 2020;10:504. p. 1–17.
Ren J, Liu Z. Mater Sci Eng. 2019;611:1–8.
Huang S, Li W, Lu S, Tian F, Shen J, Holmstrom E, et al. Scr Mater. 2015;108:44–7.
Marynowski P, Hojny M, Debinski T. Arch Foundry Eng. 2023;23(4):127–36.
Liu X, Li T, Zhao C, Wang Y. AIP Adv. 2023;13:075317. p. 1–8.
Gupta RK, Mathew C, Ramkumar P. Front Aerosp Eng. 2015;4(1):1–13.
Guo Z, Sha W. Mater Trans. 2002;43:1273–82.
Godefroid LB, Sena BM, Filho VBT. Mater Res. 2016;2016:1–9.
Adamczyk J. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng. 2006;14(1–2):9–20.
Einkhah F, Rassizadehghani J, Najafidejdehmonfared H. Nanotechnol Appl. 2018;1(2):1–5.
Dua SK, Ray A, Sharma DS. Mater Sci Eng A. 2001;318:197–210.
Kawabata T, Tadano M, Izumi O. ISIJ Int. 1991;31(10):1161–7.
Raj A, Goswami B, Kumar SB, Ray AK. High Temp Mater Process. 2013;23(6):517–31.
Zhao J, Jiang Z, Lee CS. Mater Des. 2013;47:227–33.
Funakawa Y, Shiozaki T, Tomita K, Yamamoto T, Maeda E. ISIJ Int. 2004;44(11):1945–51.
Cota AB, Goncalves OFL, Barbosa AR, Lacerda CAM, Araujo FGS. Mater Res. 2003;6(2):117–21.
Liu D, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang Z, Zuo X. Metals. 2022;12:363. p. 1–15.
Yang L, Xing Y. Mater Res. 2022;25:1–9.
Rusz S, Cizek L, Filipec P, Pastrnak M. J Mater Manuf Eng. 2008;31(2):356–63.
Zhang D, Gao X, Wang M, Li W, Guo J, Teng Y, Zhang W. Mater Res Express. 2022;9:1–12.
Ghosh A, Kundu S, Chakrabarti D. Scr Mater. 2014;81:8–11.
Manoj MK, Pancholi V, Nath SK. Int J Res Advent Technol. 2014;2(4):243–9.
Ozgowicz W, Kalinowska-Ozgowicz E. Arch Mater Sci Eng. 2008;32(2):89–94.
El-Faramawy HS, Ghali SN, Eissa MM. J Miner Mater Charact Eng. 2012;11:1108–12.
Khodabandeh M, Jahazi M, Yue S, Bocher P. ISIJ Int. 2005;45(2):272–80.
Aktarer SM, Kucukomeroglu T. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng. 2016;75(2):55–60.
Gorka J. Mach Technol Mater. 2013;(12):24–7.
Musa MHA, Maleque MA, Ali MY. Mater Sci Eng. 2017;184:1–6.
Ebrahimi GR, Arabshahi H. J Adv Res Mech Eng. 2010;1(4):182–7.
Babakhani A, Kiani-Rashid AR, Ziaei SMR. Mater Manuf Process. 2012;27(2):135–9.
Illescas S, Fernandez J, Asensio J, Sanchez-Soto M, Guilemany JM. Rev Metal. 2009;45(6):424–31.
Skubisz P, Lisiecki L, Skowronek T, Zak A, Zalecki W. Mater Technol. 2016;50(5):783–9.
Molinari A, Pellizzari M, Gialanella S, Straffelini G, Stiasny KH. J Mater Process Technol. 2001;118:350–5.
Xu X, Kumar P, Cao R, Ye Q, Chu Y, Tian Y, et al. Acta Mater. 2024;274:1–15.
Patil PI, Tated RG. In: Int Conf Comput Intell (ICCIA). 2012. p. 10–29.
Tenduwe OP, Sahu PK, Khunte PL, Kumar N. Int J Eng Res Appl. 2015;5(4 Pt 6):137–42.
Chen Y, Li Y, Zhou X, Tan F, Jiang Y. Mater Res Express. 2021;8:1–8.

How to cite this article

APA

Mandal, P. K. (2025). Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys, 11(02), 1-14.

MLA

Mandal, P. K.. “Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels.” International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys, vol. 11, no. 02, 2025, pp. 1-14.

Chicago

P. K. Mandal. “Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels.” International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys 11, no. 02 (2025): 1-14.

Vancouver

Mandal PK. Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys. 2025;11(02):1-14.

BibTeX

@article{MandalPK2025,
author = {P. K. Mandal},
title = {Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels},
journal = {International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {02},
pages = {1--14},
issn = {2456-5113},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijma/article=20723}
}

P. K. Mandal | International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys | Vol 11, Issue 02 | pp. 1-14 | ISSN: 2456-5113

Abstract

Keywords: Impact energy, mechanical properties, MA steels, Niobium, precipitation strengthening, mechanical properties

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Villalobos JC, Del-Pozo A, Campillo B, Mayen J, Serna S. Metals. 2018;8:351. p. 1–49.
Battacharjee D. Tecnol Metal Mater Miner. 2014;11(4):371–83.
Huang S, Li Z, Tang H, Zeng Z, Shi Y, Li C. Sci Rep. 2025;15:1–23.
Kostryzhev AG, Slater CD, Marenych OO, Davis CL. Sci Rep. 2016;6:1–7.
Mandal P, Chakrabarti D, Ray KK, Chakrabarti AK. Int J Cast Met Res. 2004;17(2):1–5.
Opiela M, Ozgowicz W. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng. 2012;55(2):759–71.
Kumar S, Nath SK. Int J Mater Metall Eng. 2014;8(9):1056–9.
Muszka K, Majta J, Bienias L. Metall Foundry Eng. 2006;32(2):87–97.
Lv Z, Ren X, Li Z, Lu Z, Gao M. Mater Res. 2015;18(2):304–12.
Li Y, Chen Y, Zhou X. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2020;2020:1–8.
Joseph JDJ, Aravindh C, Kannan PD, Dineshmuthu M, Kumar JJJ. Int J Eng Res Technol (IJERT). 2018;6(4):1–3.
Kane SF, Farland AL, Siewert TA, McCowan CN. Weld Res Suppl. 1999 Aug;292–8.
IIic A, Ivanovic L, Stojanovic B, Josifovic D, Desnica E. Appl Eng Lett. 2018;3(3):98–104.
Gholap TA, Mohod SA. Int J Adv Res Sci Eng. 2015;4(9):140–9.
Haribalaji V, Boopathi S, Balamurugan S. Int J Innov Sci Res. 2014;12(1):170–9.
Sharma R, Singh V, Singh M. Int J Eng Dev Res. 2019;7(4):745–53.
Qaban A, Naher S. Int J Mech Prod Eng. 2019;7(5):53–6.
Mohrbacher H, Yang J-R, Chen Y-W, Rehrl J, Hebesbeger T. Metals. 2020;10:504. p. 1–17.
Ren J, Liu Z. Mater Sci Eng. 2019;611:1–8.
Huang S, Li W, Lu S, Tian F, Shen J, Holmstrom E, et al. Scr Mater. 2015;108:44–7.
Marynowski P, Hojny M, Debinski T. Arch Foundry Eng. 2023;23(4):127–36.
Liu X, Li T, Zhao C, Wang Y. AIP Adv. 2023;13:075317. p. 1–8.
Gupta RK, Mathew C, Ramkumar P. Front Aerosp Eng. 2015;4(1):1–13.
Guo Z, Sha W. Mater Trans. 2002;43:1273–82.
Godefroid LB, Sena BM, Filho VBT. Mater Res. 2016;2016:1–9.
Adamczyk J. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng. 2006;14(1–2):9–20.
Einkhah F, Rassizadehghani J, Najafidejdehmonfared H. Nanotechnol Appl. 2018;1(2):1–5.
Dua SK, Ray A, Sharma DS. Mater Sci Eng A. 2001;318:197–210.
Kawabata T, Tadano M, Izumi O. ISIJ Int. 1991;31(10):1161–7.
Raj A, Goswami B, Kumar SB, Ray AK. High Temp Mater Process. 2013;23(6):517–31.
Zhao J, Jiang Z, Lee CS. Mater Des. 2013;47:227–33.
Funakawa Y, Shiozaki T, Tomita K, Yamamoto T, Maeda E. ISIJ Int. 2004;44(11):1945–51.
Cota AB, Goncalves OFL, Barbosa AR, Lacerda CAM, Araujo FGS. Mater Res. 2003;6(2):117–21.
Liu D, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang Z, Zuo X. Metals. 2022;12:363. p. 1–15.
Yang L, Xing Y. Mater Res. 2022;25:1–9.
Rusz S, Cizek L, Filipec P, Pastrnak M. J Mater Manuf Eng. 2008;31(2):356–63.
Zhang D, Gao X, Wang M, Li W, Guo J, Teng Y, Zhang W. Mater Res Express. 2022;9:1–12.
Ghosh A, Kundu S, Chakrabarti D. Scr Mater. 2014;81:8–11.
Manoj MK, Pancholi V, Nath SK. Int J Res Advent Technol. 2014;2(4):243–9.
Ozgowicz W, Kalinowska-Ozgowicz E. Arch Mater Sci Eng. 2008;32(2):89–94.
El-Faramawy HS, Ghali SN, Eissa MM. J Miner Mater Charact Eng. 2012;11:1108–12.
Khodabandeh M, Jahazi M, Yue S, Bocher P. ISIJ Int. 2005;45(2):272–80.
Aktarer SM, Kucukomeroglu T. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng. 2016;75(2):55–60.
Gorka J. Mach Technol Mater. 2013;(12):24–7.
Musa MHA, Maleque MA, Ali MY. Mater Sci Eng. 2017;184:1–6.
Ebrahimi GR, Arabshahi H. J Adv Res Mech Eng. 2010;1(4):182–7.
Babakhani A, Kiani-Rashid AR, Ziaei SMR. Mater Manuf Process. 2012;27(2):135–9.
Illescas S, Fernandez J, Asensio J, Sanchez-Soto M, Guilemany JM. Rev Metal. 2009;45(6):424–31.
Skubisz P, Lisiecki L, Skowronek T, Zak A, Zalecki W. Mater Technol. 2016;50(5):783–9.
Molinari A, Pellizzari M, Gialanella S, Straffelini G, Stiasny KH. J Mater Process Technol. 2001;118:350–5.
Xu X, Kumar P, Cao R, Ye Q, Chu Y, Tian Y, et al. Acta Mater. 2024;274:1–15.
Patil PI, Tated RG. In: Int Conf Comput Intell (ICCIA). 2012. p. 10–29.
Tenduwe OP, Sahu PK, Khunte PL, Kumar N. Int J Eng Res Appl. 2015;5(4 Pt 6):137–42.
Chen Y, Li Y, Zhou X, Tan F, Jiang Y. Mater Res Express. 2021;8:1–8.

How to cite this article

APA

Mandal, P. K. (2025). Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys, 11(02), 1-14.

MLA

Mandal, P. K.. “Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels.” International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys, vol. 11, no. 02, 2025, pp. 1-14.

Chicago

P. K. Mandal. “Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels.” International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys 11, no. 02 (2025): 1-14.

Vancouver

Mandal PK. Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys. 2025;11(02):1-14.

BibTeX

@article{MandalPK2025,
author = {P. K. Mandal},
title = {Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Microalloyed Forging Steels},
journal = {International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys},
year = {2025},
volume = {11},
number = {02},
pages = {1--14},
issn = {2456-5113},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijma/article=20723}
}

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