Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy

Amit Bhumarker; Abhishek Singh

Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy

Amit Bhumarker, Abhishek Singh | International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing | Vol 10, Issue 1 | pp. 6-18 | ISSN: 2582-5046

Abstract

In today's manufacturing landscape, stringent requirements and specifications for mechanical properties and other characteristics have become crucial for top casting manufacturers. This paper focuses on using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) as a powerful tool to analyze internal defects that significantly impact the performance of castings. Specifically, it delves into various aspects of this approach, including the identification of bifilm deficiencies in ductile and chromium cast iron, near-surface corrosion induced by sulfur, micro-shrinkage under risers, remnants of lustrous carbon, and other microstructural features. The paper elucidates the methodology employed to detect these defects, presents the results of their analysis, and explores potential causes behind their occurrence.

Keywords:Mechanical Property, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Internal Defect, Casting, Chromium Cast Iron

Keywords

Casting, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Mechanical Property, Internal Defect, Chromium Cast Iron

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References

Mehta N, Gohil A, Doshi S. “Innovative Support System for Casting Defect Analysis - A Need of Time.” Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018, 4156–4161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.677
Petrus, Bulanowski A, Kołakowski J et al. “The Influence of Selected Melting Parameters on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cast Iron.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 20 (1) (2020): 105–110. https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2020.131290
Garbacz-Klempka A, Karczmarek, Kwak Z et al. “Analysis of a Castings Quality and Metalworking Technology. Treasure of the Bronze Age Axes.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 18 (3) (2018): 179–185. https://doi.org/10.24425/123622
Bogner A, Jouneau P, Thollet G et al. “A History of Scanning Electron Microscopy Developments: Towards ‘Wet-STEM’ Imaging.” Micron 38 (4) (2007): 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.008
Kalandyk B, Zapala R, Sobula S et al. “The Effect of Casial Modification on the Non-Metallic Inclusions and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Microalloyed Cast Steel.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 19 (1) (2019): 47–52. https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2018.125190
Gawdzińska K. “Methods of the Detection and Identification of Structural Defects in Saturated Metallic Composite Castings.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 17 (3) (2017): 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0087
Nicoletto G, Konečná R, Fintova S. “Characterization of Microshrinkage Casting Defects of Al-Si Alloys by X-Ray Computed Tomography and Metallography.” International Journal of Fatigue, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2012.01.006
Li J, Chen R, Ma Y et al. “Characterization and Prediction of Microporosity Defect in Sand Cast WE54 Alloy Castings.” Journal of Materials Science and Technology 30 (10) (2014): 991–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2014.03.011
Velasco E, Rodríguez A, González J et al. “Use of Microscopical Techniques in Failure Analysis and Defect Control in Automotive Castings.” Microscopy and Microanalysis 9 (SO2) (2003): 160–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603440713
Staude A, Bartscher M, Ehrig K et al. “Quantification of the Capability of Micro-CT to Detect Defects in Castings Using a New Test Piece and a Voxel-Based Comparison Method.” NDT and E International 44 (6) (2011): 531–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.05.006
Bejaxhin A, Paulraj G, Prabhakar M. “Inspection of Casting Defects and Grain Boundary Strengthening on Stressed Al6061 Specimen by NDT Method and SEM Micrographs.” Journal of Materials Research and Technology 8 (3) (2019): 2674–2684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.029
Haguenau F, Hawkes P, Hutchison J et al. “Key Events in the History of Electron Microscopy.” Microscopy and Microanalysis 9 (2) (2003): 96–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927603030113
Davut K, Yalcin A, Cetin B. “Multiscale Microstructural Analysis of Austempered Ductile Iron Castings.” Microscopy and Microanalysis 23(S1) (2017): 350–351. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617002434
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Correa R, Quezada J et al. “Effect of Titanium on the As-Cast Microstructure of a 16%chromium White Iron.” Materials Science and Engineering A 398(1-2) (2005): 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.03.072
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Aguilar S, Hernández B. “Eutectic Modification in a Low-Chromium White Cast Iron by a Mixture of Titanium, Rare Earths, and Bismuth: I. Effect on Microstructure.” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 14 (2) (2005): 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1361/10599490523300
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Aguilar S, Maldonado C. “Eutectic Modification in a Low-Chromium White Cast Iron by a Mixture of Titanium, Rare Earths, and Bismuth: Part II. Effect on the Wear Behavior.” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 14 (3) (2005): 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1361/10599490523887
Chung R, Tang X, Li D et al. “Microstructure Refinement of Hypereutectic High Cr Cast Irons Using Hard Carbide-Forming Elements for Improved Wear Resistance.” Wear 301(1-2) (2013): 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.079
Guo E, Wang L, Wang L et al. “Effects of RE, V, Ti and B Composite Modification on the Microstructure and Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron Containing 3% Molybdenum.” Rare Metals 28(6) (2009): 606–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-009-0116-1
Siekaniec D, Kopyciński D, Szczȩsny A et al. “Effect of Titanium Inoculation on Tribological Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 17(4) (2017): 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0146.
Kopyciński D, Piasny S. “Influence of Inoculation on Structure of Chromium Cast Iron.” Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials, 2016, 705–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48210-1_89
Kopyciński D. “Inoculation of Chromium White Cast Iron.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 9(1) (2009): 191–194.
Tiryakioğlu M. “On the Heterogeneous Nucleation Pressure for Hydrogen Pores in Liquid Aluminium.” International Journal of Cast Metals Research 33(4-5) (2020): 153–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2020.1797335
Tiryakioğlu M. “The Effect of Hydrogen on Pore Formation in Aluminum Alloy Castings: Myth versus Reality.” Metals 10(3) (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030368
Dojka M, Stawarz M. “Bifilm Defects in Ti-Inoculated Chromium White Cast Iron.” Materials 13(14) (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143124
Campbell J. Complete Casting Handbook: Metal Casting Processes, Metallurgy, Techniques and Design: Second Edition. 2nd Edition. Oxford, United Kingdom, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-01548-1
Jonczy I. “Diversification of Phase Composition of Metallurgical Wastes after the Production of Cast Iron and Cast Steel.” Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59(2) (2014): 481–485. https://doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0079
Campbell J. “A Hypothesis for Cast Iron Microstructures.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 40(6) (2009): 786–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-009-9289-0
Mihailova I, Mehandjiev D. “Characterization of Fayalite from Copper Slags.” Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 45(3) (2010): 317–326.
Presnall DC. “Phase Diagrams of Earth-Forming Minerals.” Mineral Physics & Crystallography – A Handbook of Physical Constants, 1995, 248–268.
Lide, DR. Handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton. (2004).
Irons, GA & Guthrie RIL. Kinetic aspects of magnesium desulfurization of blast furnace iron. Iron making and Steelmaking 8 (1981):114-121.

How to cite this article

APA

Bhumarker, A., & Singh, A. (2024). Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy. International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 10(1), 6-18.

MLA

Bhumarker, Amit, and Abhishek Singh. “Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy.” International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, vol. 10, no. 1, 2024, pp. 6-18.

Chicago

Amit Bhumarker, and Abhishek Singh. “Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy.” International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 10, no. 1 (2024): 6-18.

Vancouver

Bhumarker A, Singh A. Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy. International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2024;10(1):6-18.

BibTeX

@article{BhumarkerA2024,
author = {Amit Bhumarker and Abhishek Singh},
title = {Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy},
journal = {International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing},
year = {2024},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {6--18},
issn = {2582-5046},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijmmp/article=7003}
}

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Amit Bhumarker, Abhishek Singh | International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing | Vol 10, Issue 1 | pp. 6-18 | ISSN: 2582-5046

Abstract

Keywords:Mechanical Property, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Internal Defect, Casting, Chromium Cast Iron

Keywords

Casting, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Mechanical Property, Internal Defect, Chromium Cast Iron

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Mehta N, Gohil A, Doshi S. “Innovative Support System for Casting Defect Analysis - A Need of Time.” Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018, 4156–4161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.677
Petrus, Bulanowski A, Kołakowski J et al. “The Influence of Selected Melting Parameters on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cast Iron.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 20 (1) (2020): 105–110. https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2020.131290
Garbacz-Klempka A, Karczmarek, Kwak Z et al. “Analysis of a Castings Quality and Metalworking Technology. Treasure of the Bronze Age Axes.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 18 (3) (2018): 179–185. https://doi.org/10.24425/123622
Bogner A, Jouneau P, Thollet G et al. “A History of Scanning Electron Microscopy Developments: Towards ‘Wet-STEM’ Imaging.” Micron 38 (4) (2007): 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.008
Kalandyk B, Zapala R, Sobula S et al. “The Effect of Casial Modification on the Non-Metallic Inclusions and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Microalloyed Cast Steel.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 19 (1) (2019): 47–52. https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2018.125190
Gawdzińska K. “Methods of the Detection and Identification of Structural Defects in Saturated Metallic Composite Castings.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 17 (3) (2017): 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0087
Nicoletto G, Konečná R, Fintova S. “Characterization of Microshrinkage Casting Defects of Al-Si Alloys by X-Ray Computed Tomography and Metallography.” International Journal of Fatigue, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2012.01.006
Li J, Chen R, Ma Y et al. “Characterization and Prediction of Microporosity Defect in Sand Cast WE54 Alloy Castings.” Journal of Materials Science and Technology 30 (10) (2014): 991–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2014.03.011
Velasco E, Rodríguez A, González J et al. “Use of Microscopical Techniques in Failure Analysis and Defect Control in Automotive Castings.” Microscopy and Microanalysis 9 (SO2) (2003): 160–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603440713
Staude A, Bartscher M, Ehrig K et al. “Quantification of the Capability of Micro-CT to Detect Defects in Castings Using a New Test Piece and a Voxel-Based Comparison Method.” NDT and E International 44 (6) (2011): 531–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.05.006
Bejaxhin A, Paulraj G, Prabhakar M. “Inspection of Casting Defects and Grain Boundary Strengthening on Stressed Al6061 Specimen by NDT Method and SEM Micrographs.” Journal of Materials Research and Technology 8 (3) (2019): 2674–2684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.029
Haguenau F, Hawkes P, Hutchison J et al. “Key Events in the History of Electron Microscopy.” Microscopy and Microanalysis 9 (2) (2003): 96–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927603030113
Davut K, Yalcin A, Cetin B. “Multiscale Microstructural Analysis of Austempered Ductile Iron Castings.” Microscopy and Microanalysis 23(S1) (2017): 350–351. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617002434
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Correa R, Quezada J et al. “Effect of Titanium on the As-Cast Microstructure of a 16%chromium White Iron.” Materials Science and Engineering A 398(1-2) (2005): 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.03.072
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Aguilar S, Hernández B. “Eutectic Modification in a Low-Chromium White Cast Iron by a Mixture of Titanium, Rare Earths, and Bismuth: I. Effect on Microstructure.” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 14 (2) (2005): 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1361/10599490523300
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Aguilar S, Maldonado C. “Eutectic Modification in a Low-Chromium White Cast Iron by a Mixture of Titanium, Rare Earths, and Bismuth: Part II. Effect on the Wear Behavior.” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 14 (3) (2005): 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1361/10599490523887
Chung R, Tang X, Li D et al. “Microstructure Refinement of Hypereutectic High Cr Cast Irons Using Hard Carbide-Forming Elements for Improved Wear Resistance.” Wear 301(1-2) (2013): 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.079
Guo E, Wang L, Wang L et al. “Effects of RE, V, Ti and B Composite Modification on the Microstructure and Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron Containing 3% Molybdenum.” Rare Metals 28(6) (2009): 606–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-009-0116-1
Siekaniec D, Kopyciński D, Szczȩsny A et al. “Effect of Titanium Inoculation on Tribological Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 17(4) (2017): 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0146.
Kopyciński D, Piasny S. “Influence of Inoculation on Structure of Chromium Cast Iron.” Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials, 2016, 705–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48210-1_89
Kopyciński D. “Inoculation of Chromium White Cast Iron.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 9(1) (2009): 191–194.
Tiryakioğlu M. “On the Heterogeneous Nucleation Pressure for Hydrogen Pores in Liquid Aluminium.” International Journal of Cast Metals Research 33(4-5) (2020): 153–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2020.1797335
Tiryakioğlu M. “The Effect of Hydrogen on Pore Formation in Aluminum Alloy Castings: Myth versus Reality.” Metals 10(3) (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030368
Dojka M, Stawarz M. “Bifilm Defects in Ti-Inoculated Chromium White Cast Iron.” Materials 13(14) (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143124
Campbell J. Complete Casting Handbook: Metal Casting Processes, Metallurgy, Techniques and Design: Second Edition. 2nd Edition. Oxford, United Kingdom, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-01548-1
Jonczy I. “Diversification of Phase Composition of Metallurgical Wastes after the Production of Cast Iron and Cast Steel.” Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59(2) (2014): 481–485. https://doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0079
Campbell J. “A Hypothesis for Cast Iron Microstructures.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 40(6) (2009): 786–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-009-9289-0
Mihailova I, Mehandjiev D. “Characterization of Fayalite from Copper Slags.” Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 45(3) (2010): 317–326.
Presnall DC. “Phase Diagrams of Earth-Forming Minerals.” Mineral Physics & Crystallography – A Handbook of Physical Constants, 1995, 248–268.
Lide, DR. Handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton. (2004).
Irons, GA & Guthrie RIL. Kinetic aspects of magnesium desulfurization of blast furnace iron. Iron making and Steelmaking 8 (1981):114-121.

How to cite this article

APA

MLA

Chicago

Vancouver

Bhumarker A, Singh A. Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy. International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2024;10(1):6-18.

BibTeX

@article{BhumarkerA2024,
author = {Amit Bhumarker and Abhishek Singh},
title = {Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy},
journal = {International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing},
year = {2024},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {6--18},
issn = {2582-5046},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijmmp/article=7003}
}

Amit Bhumarker, Abhishek Singh | International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing | Vol 10, Issue 1 | pp. 6-18 | ISSN: 2582-5046

Abstract

Keywords:Mechanical Property, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Internal Defect, Casting, Chromium Cast Iron

Keywords

Casting, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Mechanical Property, Internal Defect, Chromium Cast Iron

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

Subscribe Purchase this article Institutional / Login access

References

Mehta N, Gohil A, Doshi S. “Innovative Support System for Casting Defect Analysis - A Need of Time.” Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018, 4156–4161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.677
Petrus, Bulanowski A, Kołakowski J et al. “The Influence of Selected Melting Parameters on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cast Iron.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 20 (1) (2020): 105–110. https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2020.131290
Garbacz-Klempka A, Karczmarek, Kwak Z et al. “Analysis of a Castings Quality and Metalworking Technology. Treasure of the Bronze Age Axes.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 18 (3) (2018): 179–185. https://doi.org/10.24425/123622
Bogner A, Jouneau P, Thollet G et al. “A History of Scanning Electron Microscopy Developments: Towards ‘Wet-STEM’ Imaging.” Micron 38 (4) (2007): 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.008
Kalandyk B, Zapala R, Sobula S et al. “The Effect of Casial Modification on the Non-Metallic Inclusions and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Microalloyed Cast Steel.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 19 (1) (2019): 47–52. https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2018.125190
Gawdzińska K. “Methods of the Detection and Identification of Structural Defects in Saturated Metallic Composite Castings.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 17 (3) (2017): 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0087
Nicoletto G, Konečná R, Fintova S. “Characterization of Microshrinkage Casting Defects of Al-Si Alloys by X-Ray Computed Tomography and Metallography.” International Journal of Fatigue, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2012.01.006
Li J, Chen R, Ma Y et al. “Characterization and Prediction of Microporosity Defect in Sand Cast WE54 Alloy Castings.” Journal of Materials Science and Technology 30 (10) (2014): 991–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2014.03.011
Velasco E, Rodríguez A, González J et al. “Use of Microscopical Techniques in Failure Analysis and Defect Control in Automotive Castings.” Microscopy and Microanalysis 9 (SO2) (2003): 160–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603440713
Staude A, Bartscher M, Ehrig K et al. “Quantification of the Capability of Micro-CT to Detect Defects in Castings Using a New Test Piece and a Voxel-Based Comparison Method.” NDT and E International 44 (6) (2011): 531–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.05.006
Bejaxhin A, Paulraj G, Prabhakar M. “Inspection of Casting Defects and Grain Boundary Strengthening on Stressed Al6061 Specimen by NDT Method and SEM Micrographs.” Journal of Materials Research and Technology 8 (3) (2019): 2674–2684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.029
Haguenau F, Hawkes P, Hutchison J et al. “Key Events in the History of Electron Microscopy.” Microscopy and Microanalysis 9 (2) (2003): 96–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927603030113
Davut K, Yalcin A, Cetin B. “Multiscale Microstructural Analysis of Austempered Ductile Iron Castings.” Microscopy and Microanalysis 23(S1) (2017): 350–351. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617002434
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Correa R, Quezada J et al. “Effect of Titanium on the As-Cast Microstructure of a 16%chromium White Iron.” Materials Science and Engineering A 398(1-2) (2005): 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.03.072
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Aguilar S, Hernández B. “Eutectic Modification in a Low-Chromium White Cast Iron by a Mixture of Titanium, Rare Earths, and Bismuth: I. Effect on Microstructure.” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 14 (2) (2005): 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1361/10599490523300
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Aguilar S, Maldonado C. “Eutectic Modification in a Low-Chromium White Cast Iron by a Mixture of Titanium, Rare Earths, and Bismuth: Part II. Effect on the Wear Behavior.” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 14 (3) (2005): 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1361/10599490523887
Chung R, Tang X, Li D et al. “Microstructure Refinement of Hypereutectic High Cr Cast Irons Using Hard Carbide-Forming Elements for Improved Wear Resistance.” Wear 301(1-2) (2013): 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.079
Guo E, Wang L, Wang L et al. “Effects of RE, V, Ti and B Composite Modification on the Microstructure and Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron Containing 3% Molybdenum.” Rare Metals 28(6) (2009): 606–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-009-0116-1
Siekaniec D, Kopyciński D, Szczȩsny A et al. “Effect of Titanium Inoculation on Tribological Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 17(4) (2017): 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0146.
Kopyciński D, Piasny S. “Influence of Inoculation on Structure of Chromium Cast Iron.” Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials, 2016, 705–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48210-1_89
Kopyciński D. “Inoculation of Chromium White Cast Iron.” Archives of Foundry Engineering 9(1) (2009): 191–194.
Tiryakioğlu M. “On the Heterogeneous Nucleation Pressure for Hydrogen Pores in Liquid Aluminium.” International Journal of Cast Metals Research 33(4-5) (2020): 153–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2020.1797335
Tiryakioğlu M. “The Effect of Hydrogen on Pore Formation in Aluminum Alloy Castings: Myth versus Reality.” Metals 10(3) (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030368
Dojka M, Stawarz M. “Bifilm Defects in Ti-Inoculated Chromium White Cast Iron.” Materials 13(14) (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143124
Campbell J. Complete Casting Handbook: Metal Casting Processes, Metallurgy, Techniques and Design: Second Edition. 2nd Edition. Oxford, United Kingdom, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-01548-1
Jonczy I. “Diversification of Phase Composition of Metallurgical Wastes after the Production of Cast Iron and Cast Steel.” Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59(2) (2014): 481–485. https://doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0079
Campbell J. “A Hypothesis for Cast Iron Microstructures.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 40(6) (2009): 786–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-009-9289-0
Mihailova I, Mehandjiev D. “Characterization of Fayalite from Copper Slags.” Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 45(3) (2010): 317–326.
Presnall DC. “Phase Diagrams of Earth-Forming Minerals.” Mineral Physics & Crystallography – A Handbook of Physical Constants, 1995, 248–268.
Lide, DR. Handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton. (2004).
Irons, GA & Guthrie RIL. Kinetic aspects of magnesium desulfurization of blast furnace iron. Iron making and Steelmaking 8 (1981):114-121.

How to cite this article

APA

MLA

Chicago

Vancouver

Bhumarker A, Singh A. Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy. International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2024;10(1):6-18.

BibTeX

@article{BhumarkerA2024,
author = {Amit Bhumarker and Abhishek Singh},
title = {Examination of Internal Defects in the Casting Process by Using a Scanning Electron Microscopy},
journal = {International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing},
year = {2024},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {6--18},
issn = {2582-5046},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijmmp/article=7003}
}

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